The Effects of Plant Density on the Productivity of Tomato Hybrids in a Newly Developed Low Cost Naturally Ventilated Greenhouse
International Journal of Plant & Soil Science,
Page 61-72
DOI:
10.9734/ijpss/2021/v33i330423
Abstract
Looking into the variations in the design of greenhouses and cost factor, a two-span saw tooth type low cost naturally ventilated greenhouse (NVG) of 250 m2 area was designed and developed. The galvanized iron (GI) framed NVG covered with 200µ ultra-voilet (UV) stabilized plastics sheet, consisted of cross and ridge ventilation, shade net, fogging and drip irrigation systems. Effect of spacing and tomato hybrid on yield and yield attributing traits of tomato were studied under NVG. Twenty-three days old seedlings of four tomato hybrids viz. Rupali, Pusa Hybrid-2, Naveen 2000 and Avinash-2 were transplanted at three different spacing (60 x 60 cm, 45 x 45 cm and 60 x 45 cm) inside the NVG. The results showed that increasing the spacing significantly increased the number of fruits, average fruit weight, fruit yield per plant, yield per unit area (kg/m2) and marketable fruit yield per plant. It was noted that the significantly highest fruit yield was recorded under wider spacing of 60 x 60cm over other spacings. Among the different tomato hybrids, Naveen-2000 significantly produced higher yield (12.55 kg/m2) and yield attributes over other and statistically at par with Avinash (12 kg/m2). The developed NVG was indigenous, simple to erect and performed well for tomato crop production. The efforts will enhance the application of greenhouse in arid and semi-arid regions of India.
Keywords:
- Protected cultivation
- tomato hybrids
- greenhouse
- natural ventilation
- spacing
How to Cite
Singh, S. K., Shahi, B. P., Singh, B. R., Singh, M. K., Singh, S., & Kumar, M. (2021). The Effects of Plant Density on the Productivity of Tomato Hybrids in a Newly Developed Low Cost Naturally Ventilated Greenhouse. International Journal of Plant & Soil Science, 33(3), 61-72. https://doi.org/10.9734/ijpss/2021/v33i330423
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Singh SK, Singh BR, Samsher and Singh J. Training manual on greenhouse practices. Deptt. of Agricultural Engineering and Food Technology, SVP University of Agri. & Tech., Meerut, UP. 2007;1-79.
Singh SK, Samsher, Singh BR, Sengar RS, Kumar P. Sensory characteristics of dehydrated coriander leaves under greenhouse type solar dryer and its qualitative evaluation during storage. International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Science, 2020a;9:1133-1142.
Singh SK, Samsher, Singh BR, Sengar RS, Kumar P. Study on biochemical properties of dehydrated coriander leaves at different drying conditions. International Journal of Chemical Studies. 2020b;8:2348-2352.
Singh SK, Pathak PK, Sahay CS, Ahmed A. Greenhouse technology to enhance productivity of fruits and vegetables for small and marginal farmers. Edited book “Farming System: Issues and strategies” by Sunil Tiwari, DR Palsaniya, T Kiran Kumar, AK Dixit and MM Das. Satish Serial Publishing House, Delhi (ISBN:978-93-85055-88-1). 2016;559-571.
Jadhav HT, Rosentrater KA. Economic and environmental analysis of greenhouse crop production with special reference to low cost greenhouses: A review. Conference Proceedings of American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers (ASABE). 2017;1-6.
Gupta MJ, Chandra P. Effect of greenhouse design parameters on conservation of energy for greenhouse environmental control. Energy. 2002;27:777–794.
Singh SK, Pathak PK, Dwivedi PN, Sahay CS. Drying characteristics of berseem in a solar dryer with supplemental heating system. Range Management and Agroforestry. 2017;38(1):143-146.
Ishii M, Sase S, Moriyama H, Okushima L, Ikeguchi A, Hayashi M, Kurata K, Kubota C, Kacira M, Giacomelli GA. Controlled environment agriculture for effective plant production systems in a semiarid greenhouse. JARQ. 2016;50(2):101-113.
Singh KP, Singh SK, Chandra P. Mandhar SC. Temperature and humidity regimes in naturally ventilated and fan-pad cooled greenhouses under mild climatic conditions. Journal of Ornamental Horticulture. 2005;8(3):173-179.
Marcelis LFM, de Koning ANM. Biomass portioning in plants. In: Greenhouse climate control: An Integrated Approach. Wageningen Press, Netherlands. 1995;84-92.
Teitel M, Barak M, Zhao Y. Ventilation of a greenhouse with continuous roof and side vents. Acta Horticulture. 2006;719:41-48.
Harmanto L, Tantau HJ, Salokhe VM. Optimization of ventilation opening area of a naturally ventilated greenhouse in humid tropical environment. Acta Horticulture, 2006;719:165-72.
Kittas C, Rigakis N, Katsoulas N, Bartzanas T. Influence of shading screens on microclimate, growth and productivity of tomato. Acta Horticulture, 2009;807:97-102.
Arbel A, Yekutieli O, Barak M. Performance of a fog system for cooling greenhouses. Journal of Agricultural Engineering Research. 1999;72:129-136.
Kumar KS, Tiwari KN, Jha MK. Design and technology for greenhouse cooling in tropical and subtropical regions. A review. Energy and Buildings. 2009;41(12):1269-1275.
Pack M, Mehta K. Design of affordable greenhouses for East Africa. Proceedings of IEEE Global Humanitarian Technology Conference, GHTC. 2012;104-110.
Handarto, Hayashi M, Kozai T. Air and leaf temperatures and relative humidity in a naturally ventilated single span greenhouse with a fogging system for cooling and its evaporative cooling efficiency. Environmental Control in Biology. 2005;43:3–11.
Ishii M, Okushima L, Moriyama H, Sase S, Takakura T, Kacira M. Effects of natural ventilation rate on temperature and relative humidity in a naturally ventilated greenhouse with a high pressure fogging system. Acta Horticulture. 2014;1037:1127-1132.
Akrami M, Salah AH, Javadi AA, Fath HE. Hassanein MJ, Farmani R, Dibaj M, Negm A. Towards a sustainable greenhouse: Review of trends and emerging practices in analysing greenhouse ventilation requirements to sustain maximum agricultural yield. Sustainability. 2020;12:2794.
DOI:10.3390/su12072794
Viuda-Martos M, Sanchez-Zapata E, Sayas-Barberá E, Sendra E, Perez-Alvarez JA, Fernández-López J. Tomato and tomato byproducts. Human health benefits of lycopene and its application to meat products: a review. Critical reviews in food science and nutrition. 2014;54(8):1032-1049.
Jones JB. Instructions for growing tomatoes in the garden and greenhouse. GroSystems, Anderson, SC, USA; 2013.
Chandra P, Singh SK, Dogra AK. A decision support system for the management of greenhouse tomato production. Journal of Agricultural Engineering. 2005;42(3):29-36.
Shamshiri RR, Jones JW, Thorp KR , Ahmad D, Man HC, Taheri S. Review of optimum temperature, humidity, and vapour pressure deficit for microclimate evaluation and control in greenhouse cultivation of tomato: A review. International Agrophysics. 2018;32:287-302.
Murthy DS, Prabhakar BS, Hebbar SS, Srinivas V, Prabhakar M. Economic feasibility of vegetable production under polyhuse: A case study of capsicum and tomato. Journal of Horticulture Science. 2009;4(2):148-152.
Singh SK, Tiwari PS, Singh GR, Singh BR, Singh D. Economics of naturally ventilated greenhouse (SVBPU model) for tomato production in northern plain of India. Progressive Agriculture. 2009;9(1):130-133.
Sreedhara DS, Kerutagi MG, Basavaraja H, Kunnal LB, Dodamani MT. Economics of capsicum production under protected conditions in Northern Karnataka. Journal of Farm Sciences. 2013;26(2):217-219.
Banaeian N, Omid M, Ahmadi H. Energy and economic analysis of greenhouse strawberry production in Tehran province of Iran. Energy Conversion and Management. 2011;52(2):1020-1025.
Chand AR Jisha. Nutrient use efficiency and economics of salad cucumber using drip fertigation in naturally ventilated polyhouse. IOSR Journal of Agriculture and Veterinary Science. 2014;7(12):22-25.
Tarannum, Hemla Naik B, Zaheer Ahamed B. Economic feasibility and profitability of carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus L.) cultivation under protected cultivation. International Journal of Science and Nature. 2014;5(2):283-286.
Panse VG, Sukhatme PV. Statistical methods for agricultural workers, (3rd Edition) Indian Council of Agricultural Research, New Delhi, India; 1985.
Lekshmi SL, Celine VA. Evaluation of tomato hybrids for fruit, yield and quality traits under polyhouse conditions. International Journal of Applied and Pure Science and Agriculture. 2015;1(7):58-64.
Ganesan M. Effect of poly- greenhouse models on plant growth and yield of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum). Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences. 2002;72(10):586-588.
Amarananjundeshwara H, Shyyamalamma S, Chikkasubbanna V, Ajayakumar MY. Performance of tomato hybrid under greenhouse conditions. Bangladesh Journal of Agricultural Research. 2008;35:367-373.
Cheema DS, Singh N, Jindal SK. Evaluation of indeterminate tomato hybrids for fruit, yield and quality traits under net house and open field conditions. Vegetable Science. 2013;40(1):45-49.
Arora SK, Bhatia AK, Singh VP, Yadav SPS. Performance of indeterminate tomato hybrids under greenhouse conditions of north Indian plains. Haryana Journal of Horticulture Science. 2006;35(4):292-294.
Chandra P, Singh AK, Singh AK, Srivastava R, Juliet M. Studies on vegetable cultivation in greenhouse. National Seminar on High-Tech Horticulture. Indian Institute of Horticulture Research, Bangalore. 2000;26-28.
Singh AK, Singh B, Sindhu SS, Singh JP, Savir N. Study on protected open field conditions on insect pest incidence to minimize insecticide application for quality production of high value horticultural crops. International Journal of Plant Protection. 2012;5(1):75-80.
Monica VL, Kumar A, Chand H, Paswan S, Sanjeev K. Population dynamics of Tetranychus urticae Koch on brinjal crop under north Bihar conditions. Pest Management in Horticultural Ecosystems. 2014;20(1):47-49.
Parvej MR, Khan MAH, Awal MA. Phenological development and production potentials of tomato under polyhouse climate. Journal of Agriculture Science. 2010;5(1):19-31.
Singh T, Singh N, Bahuguna A, Nautiyal M, Sharma VK. Performance of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) hybrids for growth, yield and quality inside polyhouse under mid hill condition of Uttarakhand. American journal, Drug Discovery and Development. 2014;4(3):202-209.
Bhatnagar PR. Strategies for protected cultivation for small and marginal farmers in India. In Agriculture: Towards a new paradigm of sustainability. New Delhi, India: Excellent publishing house; 2014.
Singh SK, Singh BR, Samsher and Singh J. Training manual on greenhouse practices. Deptt. of Agricultural Engineering and Food Technology, SVP University of Agri. & Tech., Meerut, UP. 2007;1-79.
Singh SK, Samsher, Singh BR, Sengar RS, Kumar P. Sensory characteristics of dehydrated coriander leaves under greenhouse type solar dryer and its qualitative evaluation during storage. International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Science, 2020a;9:1133-1142.
Singh SK, Samsher, Singh BR, Sengar RS, Kumar P. Study on biochemical properties of dehydrated coriander leaves at different drying conditions. International Journal of Chemical Studies. 2020b;8:2348-2352.
Singh SK, Pathak PK, Sahay CS, Ahmed A. Greenhouse technology to enhance productivity of fruits and vegetables for small and marginal farmers. Edited book “Farming System: Issues and strategies” by Sunil Tiwari, DR Palsaniya, T Kiran Kumar, AK Dixit and MM Das. Satish Serial Publishing House, Delhi (ISBN:978-93-85055-88-1). 2016;559-571.
Jadhav HT, Rosentrater KA. Economic and environmental analysis of greenhouse crop production with special reference to low cost greenhouses: A review. Conference Proceedings of American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers (ASABE). 2017;1-6.
Gupta MJ, Chandra P. Effect of greenhouse design parameters on conservation of energy for greenhouse environmental control. Energy. 2002;27:777–794.
Singh SK, Pathak PK, Dwivedi PN, Sahay CS. Drying characteristics of berseem in a solar dryer with supplemental heating system. Range Management and Agroforestry. 2017;38(1):143-146.
Ishii M, Sase S, Moriyama H, Okushima L, Ikeguchi A, Hayashi M, Kurata K, Kubota C, Kacira M, Giacomelli GA. Controlled environment agriculture for effective plant production systems in a semiarid greenhouse. JARQ. 2016;50(2):101-113.
Singh KP, Singh SK, Chandra P. Mandhar SC. Temperature and humidity regimes in naturally ventilated and fan-pad cooled greenhouses under mild climatic conditions. Journal of Ornamental Horticulture. 2005;8(3):173-179.
Marcelis LFM, de Koning ANM. Biomass portioning in plants. In: Greenhouse climate control: An Integrated Approach. Wageningen Press, Netherlands. 1995;84-92.
Teitel M, Barak M, Zhao Y. Ventilation of a greenhouse with continuous roof and side vents. Acta Horticulture. 2006;719:41-48.
Harmanto L, Tantau HJ, Salokhe VM. Optimization of ventilation opening area of a naturally ventilated greenhouse in humid tropical environment. Acta Horticulture, 2006;719:165-72.
Kittas C, Rigakis N, Katsoulas N, Bartzanas T. Influence of shading screens on microclimate, growth and productivity of tomato. Acta Horticulture, 2009;807:97-102.
Arbel A, Yekutieli O, Barak M. Performance of a fog system for cooling greenhouses. Journal of Agricultural Engineering Research. 1999;72:129-136.
Kumar KS, Tiwari KN, Jha MK. Design and technology for greenhouse cooling in tropical and subtropical regions. A review. Energy and Buildings. 2009;41(12):1269-1275.
Pack M, Mehta K. Design of affordable greenhouses for East Africa. Proceedings of IEEE Global Humanitarian Technology Conference, GHTC. 2012;104-110.
Handarto, Hayashi M, Kozai T. Air and leaf temperatures and relative humidity in a naturally ventilated single span greenhouse with a fogging system for cooling and its evaporative cooling efficiency. Environmental Control in Biology. 2005;43:3–11.
Ishii M, Okushima L, Moriyama H, Sase S, Takakura T, Kacira M. Effects of natural ventilation rate on temperature and relative humidity in a naturally ventilated greenhouse with a high pressure fogging system. Acta Horticulture. 2014;1037:1127-1132.
Akrami M, Salah AH, Javadi AA, Fath HE. Hassanein MJ, Farmani R, Dibaj M, Negm A. Towards a sustainable greenhouse: Review of trends and emerging practices in analysing greenhouse ventilation requirements to sustain maximum agricultural yield. Sustainability. 2020;12:2794.
DOI:10.3390/su12072794
Viuda-Martos M, Sanchez-Zapata E, Sayas-Barberá E, Sendra E, Perez-Alvarez JA, Fernández-López J. Tomato and tomato byproducts. Human health benefits of lycopene and its application to meat products: a review. Critical reviews in food science and nutrition. 2014;54(8):1032-1049.
Jones JB. Instructions for growing tomatoes in the garden and greenhouse. GroSystems, Anderson, SC, USA; 2013.
Chandra P, Singh SK, Dogra AK. A decision support system for the management of greenhouse tomato production. Journal of Agricultural Engineering. 2005;42(3):29-36.
Shamshiri RR, Jones JW, Thorp KR , Ahmad D, Man HC, Taheri S. Review of optimum temperature, humidity, and vapour pressure deficit for microclimate evaluation and control in greenhouse cultivation of tomato: A review. International Agrophysics. 2018;32:287-302.
Murthy DS, Prabhakar BS, Hebbar SS, Srinivas V, Prabhakar M. Economic feasibility of vegetable production under polyhuse: A case study of capsicum and tomato. Journal of Horticulture Science. 2009;4(2):148-152.
Singh SK, Tiwari PS, Singh GR, Singh BR, Singh D. Economics of naturally ventilated greenhouse (SVBPU model) for tomato production in northern plain of India. Progressive Agriculture. 2009;9(1):130-133.
Sreedhara DS, Kerutagi MG, Basavaraja H, Kunnal LB, Dodamani MT. Economics of capsicum production under protected conditions in Northern Karnataka. Journal of Farm Sciences. 2013;26(2):217-219.
Banaeian N, Omid M, Ahmadi H. Energy and economic analysis of greenhouse strawberry production in Tehran province of Iran. Energy Conversion and Management. 2011;52(2):1020-1025.
Chand AR Jisha. Nutrient use efficiency and economics of salad cucumber using drip fertigation in naturally ventilated polyhouse. IOSR Journal of Agriculture and Veterinary Science. 2014;7(12):22-25.
Tarannum, Hemla Naik B, Zaheer Ahamed B. Economic feasibility and profitability of carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus L.) cultivation under protected cultivation. International Journal of Science and Nature. 2014;5(2):283-286.
Panse VG, Sukhatme PV. Statistical methods for agricultural workers, (3rd Edition) Indian Council of Agricultural Research, New Delhi, India; 1985.
Lekshmi SL, Celine VA. Evaluation of tomato hybrids for fruit, yield and quality traits under polyhouse conditions. International Journal of Applied and Pure Science and Agriculture. 2015;1(7):58-64.
Ganesan M. Effect of poly- greenhouse models on plant growth and yield of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum). Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences. 2002;72(10):586-588.
Amarananjundeshwara H, Shyyamalamma S, Chikkasubbanna V, Ajayakumar MY. Performance of tomato hybrid under greenhouse conditions. Bangladesh Journal of Agricultural Research. 2008;35:367-373.
Cheema DS, Singh N, Jindal SK. Evaluation of indeterminate tomato hybrids for fruit, yield and quality traits under net house and open field conditions. Vegetable Science. 2013;40(1):45-49.
Arora SK, Bhatia AK, Singh VP, Yadav SPS. Performance of indeterminate tomato hybrids under greenhouse conditions of north Indian plains. Haryana Journal of Horticulture Science. 2006;35(4):292-294.
Chandra P, Singh AK, Singh AK, Srivastava R, Juliet M. Studies on vegetable cultivation in greenhouse. National Seminar on High-Tech Horticulture. Indian Institute of Horticulture Research, Bangalore. 2000;26-28.
Singh AK, Singh B, Sindhu SS, Singh JP, Savir N. Study on protected open field conditions on insect pest incidence to minimize insecticide application for quality production of high value horticultural crops. International Journal of Plant Protection. 2012;5(1):75-80.
Monica VL, Kumar A, Chand H, Paswan S, Sanjeev K. Population dynamics of Tetranychus urticae Koch on brinjal crop under north Bihar conditions. Pest Management in Horticultural Ecosystems. 2014;20(1):47-49.
Parvej MR, Khan MAH, Awal MA. Phenological development and production potentials of tomato under polyhouse climate. Journal of Agriculture Science. 2010;5(1):19-31.
Singh T, Singh N, Bahuguna A, Nautiyal M, Sharma VK. Performance of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) hybrids for growth, yield and quality inside polyhouse under mid hill condition of Uttarakhand. American journal, Drug Discovery and Development. 2014;4(3):202-209.
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