Effect of Tillage Methods, Farmyard Manure and Potassium Rates on Cassava Yield and Root Quality in Kagera Region, Tanzania
International Journal of Plant & Soil Science,
Page 33-50
DOI:
10.9734/ijpss/2022/v34i1330972
Abstract
A study was conducted in Bukoba, Missenyi and Biharamulo districts in the Kagera region Tanzania during the 2018/19 and 2019/20 cropping seasons to determine the effect of tillage methods, farmyard manure (FYM) and potassium (K) rates on cassava yield and root quality. Three tillage methods (flat tillage, tied ridging and open ridging), eleven fertilizer rates (FYM at 4 or 8 MT ha-1, N40P30 + K at 40, 80 or 120 kg ha-1, FYM at 4 or 8 MT ha-1 + K at 40, 80 or 120 kg ha-1) and the control, were arranged in Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications, using a split-plot design. Tillage methods were the main plots and fertilizer rates were the subplots. The plot size was 6 m x 5 m with a spacing of 1 m x 1 m. Root yield ha-1 was collected during harvesting and about 500 g of cassava roots from each treatment were oven-dried at 105 oC to constant weight for determining dry matter content using the equation by [31]. Root starch content in each treatment was determined using the method by [32]. The results indicate that cassava planted on ridges gave significantly (P <.001) higher cassava root yields (18.98 - 34.84 MT ha-1) than flat tillage (16.86 - 29.74 MT ha-1). The combined use of FYM at 4 MT ha-1 or FYM at 8 MT ha-1 and potassium fertilizer at 40, 80 or 120 kg K ha-1 significantly (P <.001) increased cassava root yield (14.56 - 39.94 MT ha-1) as compared to other fertilizer rates (8.90 – 29.63 MT ha-1). In addition, the combined use of inorganic N40P30K120 or the combined use of FYM at 8 MT ha-1 and potassium fertilizer at 80 or 120 kg K ha-1 gave significantly (P <.001) higher starch (28. 04 - 34.06 %) and dry matter (39.57 - 44.93 %) content in cassava roots than other fertilizer rates. Therefore, planting cassava on ridges and the combined use of FYM at 4 MT ha-1 and potassium fertilizer at 40, 80 or 120 kg K ha-1 is desirable for increasing cassava root yield. Moreover, the combined use of inorganic N40P30K120 fertilizers or the combined use of FYM at 8 MT ha-1 and potassium fertilizer at 80 or 120 kg K ha-1 is desirable for increasing the content of starch and dry matter in cassava roots.
Keywords:
- Tillage methods
- farmyard manure
- potassium rates
- cassava yields
- root quality
- starch and dry matter content
- Kagera region
How to Cite
Merumba, M. S., Semoka, J. M., Semu, E., Msanya, B. M., & Kibura, J. K. (2022). Effect of Tillage Methods, Farmyard Manure and Potassium Rates on Cassava Yield and Root Quality in Kagera Region, Tanzania. International Journal of Plant & Soil Science, 34(13), 33-50. https://doi.org/10.9734/ijpss/2022/v34i1330972
References
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El-Sharkawy MA. Salt-tolerant cassava: the role of integrative ecophysiology breeding research in crop improvement. Open Journal of Soil Science. 2012;2(2):162-186.
Rongjun L. Cassava, starch, and starch derivatives. In: Howeler R, O’Brien GM, editors. Proceedings of the International Symposium. 11-15 November 1996. Nanning Guangxi China; 2000.
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Bayu W, Rethman NFG, Hammes PS, Alemu G. Effects of farmyard manure and inorganic fertilizers on sorghum growth, yield and nitrogen use in a semi-arid area of Ethiopia. Journal of Plant Nutrition. 2006;29(2):391-407.
Nkuba J, Mushongi CC, Merumba MS, Ndyetabula I. Baseline Study in Bukoba, Missenyi, Muleba and Biharamulo Survey Report. Bukoba Tanzania: Maruku Agricultural Research Institute; 2011
Legg JP, Jeremiah SC, Obiero HM, Maruthi MN, Ndyetabula I, Okao-Okuja G, et al. Comparing the regional epidemiology of the cassava mosaic and cassava brown streak pandemics in Africa. Virus Research. 2011;159:61-170.
Kapinga R, Mafuru J, Simon J, Rwiza E, Kamala R, Mashamba F, Mlingi N. Status of Cassava in Tanzania: Implications for future research and development. Kapinga et al, editors. United Republic of Tanzania: Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperative; 2005.
Peter D. Effects of intercropping cassava with some legumes on cassava growth performance, fertility improvement and whitefly control. Thesis for Award of Ph.D. Degree at Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro. Tanzania; 2011.
Edward Y, Baijukya FP, Fening JO, Zida Z, Gaisie E, Merumba S, et al. Scaling out cassava-based production systems in west and east Africa. In: Going beyond demos to transform African agriculture: the journey of soil health consortium. Nairobi, Kenya: Alliance for a Green Revolution in Africa; 2016.
Merumba MS, Ndyetabula IL, Nkuba JM, William MM, Mukandala L, Sayi B, et al. The effects of application of integrated soil fertility management technologies on yields and economic benefits of maize in Kagera region, Tanzania. In: Githunguri C, et al, editors. Joint Proceedings of the 27th Soil Science Society of East Africa and the 6th African Soil Science Society Conference. 20 - 25 October 2013. Nakuru Kenya; 2013.
Kajiru GJ. Soil fertility status and response of rice to nitrogen, phosphorus and farm yard manure under rainwater harvesting system in semi-arid areas of Maswa, Tanzania. Thesis for Award of Ph.D. Degree at Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania; 2006.
Ayoola OT, and Makinde EA. Fertilizer treatment effects on performance of cassava under two planting patterns in a cassava-based cropping system in south west Nigeria. Research Journal of Agriculture and Biological Sciences. 2007;3(1):13-20.
Som D. Handbook of Horticulture. New Delhi: Indian Council of Agricultural Research; 2007.
El-sharkawy MA, Cadavid LF. Genetic variation within cassava germ plasm in response to potassium. Experimental Agriculture. 2000;36:323-334.
Howeler RH. Cassava Mineral Nutrition and Fertilizer. In: Hillocks RJ, Thresh JM, Belloti AC, editors. Cassava Biology, Production, and Utilization. Wallingford United Kingdom: Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International Publishing; 2002.
Okpara DA, Agoha US, Iroegbu M. Response of cassava variety TMS 98/0505 to potassium fertilization and time of harvest in South Eastern Nigeria. Nigeria Agricultural Journal. 2010;41(1):84-92.
Heluf G. Grain yield response of Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) to tie-ridge sand planting methods on Entisols and Vertisols of Alemaya area of Eastern Ethiopian Highlands. Journal of Agriculture and Rural Development in the Tropics and Subtropics. 2003;104 (2):113-128.
Howeler RH, Thai P, Nguyen TD. Sustainable cassava production on sloping lands in Vietnam. Paper presented at the international workshop on sustainable land management in the northern mountainous region of Vietnam,10-12 April 2001. Hanoi Vietnam; 2001.
Shemahonge MI. Improving upland rice (Oryza sativa L.) performance through enhanced soil fertility and water conservation methods at Ukiriguru, Mwanza, Tanzania. Dissertation for Award of M.Sc. Degree at Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro. Tanzania; 2013
Kabanza AK, Rwehumbiza FBR. Assessment of the contribution of tied ridges and farmyard manure application to sorghum production in semi-arid areas of Tanzania. In: Bationo A, Waswa B, Kihara J, Kimetu J, editors. Advances in Integrated Soil Fertility management in sub-Saharan Africa: Challenges and Opportunities. Springer; 2007.
United Republic of Tanzania (URT). Kagera Region Investment Guide. Kagera Tanzania: Kagera Regional Commissioner Office; 2019.
Merumba MS, Msanya BM, Semu E, Semoka JM. Pedological characterization and suitability assessment for cassava production in Bukoba, Missenyi and Biharamulo districts, Tanzania. American Journal of Agriculture and Forestry. 2020a;8(4):144-166.
Oosterom AP, Ngailo JA, Kileo RO, Mbogoni JDJ, Msangi AS, Andriesse W, et al and Van Kekem, A. J. Land Resources of Biharamulo district, Kagera region, Tanzania. International Activities Report 75. Wageningen The Netherlands: Winand Staring Centre; 1999.
Baijukya FP, Folmer ECR. Agro-Ecological Zonation of the Kagera region. In: Planning the Future: Past, Present and Future Perspectives of Land Use in Kagera Region. Folmer ECR, Schouten C, Baijukya FP, editors. Bukoba, Kagera Tanzania; 1999.
Merumba MS, Semu E, Semoka JM, Msanya BM. Soil Fertility Status in Bukoba, Missenyi and Biharamulo districts in Kagera region Tanzania. International Journal of Applied Agricultural Sciences. 2020b;6(5):96-117.
Baijukya FP. Adapting to change in banana-based farming systems of Northwest Tanzania: The potential role of herbaceous legume. Published Thesis for Award of Ph.D. Degree at Wageningen University. Wageningen The Netherland; 2004.
Shekiffu CY. Improving soil productivity in cassava-based system in the Coast Region of Tanzania: Phosphorus and Potassium requirements under mono-cropping and intercropping. Thesis for Award of Ph.D. Degree at Sokoine University of Agriculture. Morogoro Tanzania; 2011.
Benesi IRM, Labuschagne MT, Herselman L, Mahungu NM, Saka JK. The effect of genotype, location and season on cassava starch extraction. Euphytica. 2006;160:59-74.
Kawano K, Goncalvez FWM, Cenpukdee U. Genetic and environmental effects on dry matter content of cassava root. Crop Science. 1987;27:69-74.
Bremner JM, Mulvaney CS. Total nitrogen. In: Black et al, editors. Methods of Soil Analysis. Part 2. Agronomy Monograph 9. Madison Wisconsin USA. American Society of Agronomy; 1982.
Chapman HD. Cation exchange capacity. In: Black CA, editor. Methods of Soil Analysis. American Institute of Agronomy. 1965;9:891-901.
Moberg JP. Soil Analysis Manual. Revised edition. Copenhagen Denmark: The Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University, Chemistry Department; 2001.
Montgomery DC. Design and Analysis of Experiments. 8th ed. New York: John Wiley and Sons Incorporation; 2013.
Santisopasri V, Kurotjanawong K, Chotineeranat S, Piyachomkwan K, Sriroth K, Oates CG. Impact of water stress on yield and quality of cassava starch. Industrial Crops and Products. 2001;13(2):115-129.
Alves AAC. Cassava Botany and Physiology. In: Hillocks RJ, Thresh JM, Bellotti AC, editors. Cassava: Biology, Production and Utilization. Wallingford United Kingdom: Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International Publishing; 2002.
Karuma AN, Gachene K, Charles K, Msanya BM, Mtakwa PW, Amuri N, et al. Soil morphology, physico-chemical properties and classification of typical soils of Mwala district Kenya. International Journal of Plant and Soil Science. 20154;(2):15-170.
Akyea AO. The effect of different tillage preparation methods on erosion and growth yield of cassava. Dissertation for Award of Ph.D. Degree at Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology. Kumasi Ghana; 2009.
Kang BT, Wilson JE. Effect of mound size and fertilizer on white Guinea yam (Dioscorea rotundata) in southern Nigeria. Plant Soil. 1981;61:319-327.
Agbede TM. Effect of tillage on soil properties and yam yield on an Alfisol in southwestern Nigeria. Soil and Tillage Research. 2006;86:1-8.
Kebeney SJ, Msanya BM, Ng’etich WK, Semoka JM, Serrem CK. Pedological characterization of some typical soils of Busia County, Western Kenya: Soil morphology, physico-chemical properties, classification and fertility trends. International Journal of Plant and Soil Science. 2014;4(1):29-44.
Hazelton P, Murphy B. Interpreting Soil Test Research: What do all the number mean? 3rd Ed. Clayton South Australia: Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization Publishing; 2016.
Uwah DF, Effa EB, Ekpenyong LE, Akpan IE. Cassava (Manihot Esculenta, Crantz) performance as influenced by nitrogen and potassium fertilizers in Uyo Nigeria. The Journal of Animal and Plant Sciences. 2013;23(2):550-555.
Mengel K, Kirkby EA. Principles of plant nutrition. 5th ed. The Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers; 2001.
Howeler RH, Lutaladio N, Thomson G. Save and Grow: Cassava. A Guide for Sustainable Production and Intensification. Rome Italy: FAO; 2013.
Prasad PVV, Satyanarayana V, Murphy VRK, Boote KJ. Maximizing yields in rice-groundnut cropping sequence through integrated nutrient management. Field Crops Research 2002;75:9-21.
Bayu W, Rethman NFG, Hammes PS, Alemu G. Effects of farmyard manure and inorganic fertilizers on sorghum growth, yield and nitrogen use in a semi-arid area of Ethiopia. Journal of Plant Nutrition. 2006;29(2):391-407.
Satyanarayana V, Prasad PVV, Murthy VRK, Boote KJ. Influence of integrated use of farmyard manure and inorganic fertilizers on yield and yield components of irrigated lowland rice. Journal of Plant Nutrition. 2002;25:2081-2090.
Odedina J, Ojeniyi S, Odedina S. Integrated nutrient management for sustainable cassava production in South Western Nigeria. Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science. 2012;58 (1):132-140.
ICAR-CTCRI. Annual Report 2017-18. Thiruvananthapuram India: Indian Council of Agricultural research, Central Tuber Crops Research Institute; 2018.
Chaisri S, Panitnok K, Sarobol E, Thongpae S, Chaisri P, Ngamprasitthi S, et al. Effects of chicken manure and chemical fertilizer management on yield of cassava grown on Map Bon, coarse-loamy variant soil. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis. 2013; 44(1-4):347-55.
ICAR-CTCRI. Annual report 2018-19. Thiruvananthapuram, India: Indian Council of Agricultural research, Central Tuber Crops Research Institute; 2019.
Eneji AE, Ayade BB, Oko BFD, Yamamoto S, Honna T, Endo T. Influence of forest clearing methods on nutrient uptake of some tropical food crops. Journal of Forest Research. 2001;6:31-35.
Kanto U, Jutamanee K, Osotsapar Y, Ostgaard JS. Effect of swine manure extract on leaf nitrogen concentration, chlorophyll content, total potassium in plant parts and starch content in fresh tuber yield of cassava. Journal of Plant Nutrition. 2012;35:688-703.
Lebot V. Tropical Root and Tuber Crops: Cassava, Sweetpotato, Yams and Aroids. Crop Production Science in Horticulture No. 17. Wallingford United Kingdom. Center for Agriculture and Bioscience International Publishing; 2009.
Mtunguja MK, Beckles DM, Laswai HS, Ndunguru JC, Sinha NJ. Opportunities to commercialize cassava production for poverty alleviation and improved food security in Tanzania. African Journal of Food, Agriculture, Nutrition and Development. 2019;19(1):13928-13946.
El-Sharkawy MA. Salt-tolerant cassava: the role of integrative ecophysiology breeding research in crop improvement. Open Journal of Soil Science. 2012;2(2):162-186.
Rongjun L. Cassava, starch, and starch derivatives. In: Howeler R, O’Brien GM, editors. Proceedings of the International Symposium. 11-15 November 1996. Nanning Guangxi China; 2000.
Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). Fertilizers and their use. In: International Fertilizer Industry Association. 4th ed. Rome Italy: FAO; 2000.
United Republic of Tanzania (URT). National Sample Census of Agriculture 2007/2008 Regional Report of the Kagera region. Volume V. Dar es Salaam Tanzania: National Bureau of Statistics; 2012.
Bayu W, Rethman NFG, Hammes PS, Alemu G. Effects of farmyard manure and inorganic fertilizers on sorghum growth, yield and nitrogen use in a semi-arid area of Ethiopia. Journal of Plant Nutrition. 2006;29(2):391-407.
Nkuba J, Mushongi CC, Merumba MS, Ndyetabula I. Baseline Study in Bukoba, Missenyi, Muleba and Biharamulo Survey Report. Bukoba Tanzania: Maruku Agricultural Research Institute; 2011
Legg JP, Jeremiah SC, Obiero HM, Maruthi MN, Ndyetabula I, Okao-Okuja G, et al. Comparing the regional epidemiology of the cassava mosaic and cassava brown streak pandemics in Africa. Virus Research. 2011;159:61-170.
Kapinga R, Mafuru J, Simon J, Rwiza E, Kamala R, Mashamba F, Mlingi N. Status of Cassava in Tanzania: Implications for future research and development. Kapinga et al, editors. United Republic of Tanzania: Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperative; 2005.
Peter D. Effects of intercropping cassava with some legumes on cassava growth performance, fertility improvement and whitefly control. Thesis for Award of Ph.D. Degree at Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro. Tanzania; 2011.
Edward Y, Baijukya FP, Fening JO, Zida Z, Gaisie E, Merumba S, et al. Scaling out cassava-based production systems in west and east Africa. In: Going beyond demos to transform African agriculture: the journey of soil health consortium. Nairobi, Kenya: Alliance for a Green Revolution in Africa; 2016.
Merumba MS, Ndyetabula IL, Nkuba JM, William MM, Mukandala L, Sayi B, et al. The effects of application of integrated soil fertility management technologies on yields and economic benefits of maize in Kagera region, Tanzania. In: Githunguri C, et al, editors. Joint Proceedings of the 27th Soil Science Society of East Africa and the 6th African Soil Science Society Conference. 20 - 25 October 2013. Nakuru Kenya; 2013.
Kajiru GJ. Soil fertility status and response of rice to nitrogen, phosphorus and farm yard manure under rainwater harvesting system in semi-arid areas of Maswa, Tanzania. Thesis for Award of Ph.D. Degree at Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania; 2006.
Ayoola OT, and Makinde EA. Fertilizer treatment effects on performance of cassava under two planting patterns in a cassava-based cropping system in south west Nigeria. Research Journal of Agriculture and Biological Sciences. 2007;3(1):13-20.
Som D. Handbook of Horticulture. New Delhi: Indian Council of Agricultural Research; 2007.
El-sharkawy MA, Cadavid LF. Genetic variation within cassava germ plasm in response to potassium. Experimental Agriculture. 2000;36:323-334.
Howeler RH. Cassava Mineral Nutrition and Fertilizer. In: Hillocks RJ, Thresh JM, Belloti AC, editors. Cassava Biology, Production, and Utilization. Wallingford United Kingdom: Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International Publishing; 2002.
Okpara DA, Agoha US, Iroegbu M. Response of cassava variety TMS 98/0505 to potassium fertilization and time of harvest in South Eastern Nigeria. Nigeria Agricultural Journal. 2010;41(1):84-92.
Heluf G. Grain yield response of Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) to tie-ridge sand planting methods on Entisols and Vertisols of Alemaya area of Eastern Ethiopian Highlands. Journal of Agriculture and Rural Development in the Tropics and Subtropics. 2003;104 (2):113-128.
Howeler RH, Thai P, Nguyen TD. Sustainable cassava production on sloping lands in Vietnam. Paper presented at the international workshop on sustainable land management in the northern mountainous region of Vietnam,10-12 April 2001. Hanoi Vietnam; 2001.
Shemahonge MI. Improving upland rice (Oryza sativa L.) performance through enhanced soil fertility and water conservation methods at Ukiriguru, Mwanza, Tanzania. Dissertation for Award of M.Sc. Degree at Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro. Tanzania; 2013
Kabanza AK, Rwehumbiza FBR. Assessment of the contribution of tied ridges and farmyard manure application to sorghum production in semi-arid areas of Tanzania. In: Bationo A, Waswa B, Kihara J, Kimetu J, editors. Advances in Integrated Soil Fertility management in sub-Saharan Africa: Challenges and Opportunities. Springer; 2007.
United Republic of Tanzania (URT). Kagera Region Investment Guide. Kagera Tanzania: Kagera Regional Commissioner Office; 2019.
Merumba MS, Msanya BM, Semu E, Semoka JM. Pedological characterization and suitability assessment for cassava production in Bukoba, Missenyi and Biharamulo districts, Tanzania. American Journal of Agriculture and Forestry. 2020a;8(4):144-166.
Oosterom AP, Ngailo JA, Kileo RO, Mbogoni JDJ, Msangi AS, Andriesse W, et al and Van Kekem, A. J. Land Resources of Biharamulo district, Kagera region, Tanzania. International Activities Report 75. Wageningen The Netherlands: Winand Staring Centre; 1999.
Baijukya FP, Folmer ECR. Agro-Ecological Zonation of the Kagera region. In: Planning the Future: Past, Present and Future Perspectives of Land Use in Kagera Region. Folmer ECR, Schouten C, Baijukya FP, editors. Bukoba, Kagera Tanzania; 1999.
Merumba MS, Semu E, Semoka JM, Msanya BM. Soil Fertility Status in Bukoba, Missenyi and Biharamulo districts in Kagera region Tanzania. International Journal of Applied Agricultural Sciences. 2020b;6(5):96-117.
Baijukya FP. Adapting to change in banana-based farming systems of Northwest Tanzania: The potential role of herbaceous legume. Published Thesis for Award of Ph.D. Degree at Wageningen University. Wageningen The Netherland; 2004.
Shekiffu CY. Improving soil productivity in cassava-based system in the Coast Region of Tanzania: Phosphorus and Potassium requirements under mono-cropping and intercropping. Thesis for Award of Ph.D. Degree at Sokoine University of Agriculture. Morogoro Tanzania; 2011.
Benesi IRM, Labuschagne MT, Herselman L, Mahungu NM, Saka JK. The effect of genotype, location and season on cassava starch extraction. Euphytica. 2006;160:59-74.
Kawano K, Goncalvez FWM, Cenpukdee U. Genetic and environmental effects on dry matter content of cassava root. Crop Science. 1987;27:69-74.
Bremner JM, Mulvaney CS. Total nitrogen. In: Black et al, editors. Methods of Soil Analysis. Part 2. Agronomy Monograph 9. Madison Wisconsin USA. American Society of Agronomy; 1982.
Chapman HD. Cation exchange capacity. In: Black CA, editor. Methods of Soil Analysis. American Institute of Agronomy. 1965;9:891-901.
Moberg JP. Soil Analysis Manual. Revised edition. Copenhagen Denmark: The Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University, Chemistry Department; 2001.
Montgomery DC. Design and Analysis of Experiments. 8th ed. New York: John Wiley and Sons Incorporation; 2013.
Santisopasri V, Kurotjanawong K, Chotineeranat S, Piyachomkwan K, Sriroth K, Oates CG. Impact of water stress on yield and quality of cassava starch. Industrial Crops and Products. 2001;13(2):115-129.
Alves AAC. Cassava Botany and Physiology. In: Hillocks RJ, Thresh JM, Bellotti AC, editors. Cassava: Biology, Production and Utilization. Wallingford United Kingdom: Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International Publishing; 2002.
Karuma AN, Gachene K, Charles K, Msanya BM, Mtakwa PW, Amuri N, et al. Soil morphology, physico-chemical properties and classification of typical soils of Mwala district Kenya. International Journal of Plant and Soil Science. 20154;(2):15-170.
Akyea AO. The effect of different tillage preparation methods on erosion and growth yield of cassava. Dissertation for Award of Ph.D. Degree at Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology. Kumasi Ghana; 2009.
Kang BT, Wilson JE. Effect of mound size and fertilizer on white Guinea yam (Dioscorea rotundata) in southern Nigeria. Plant Soil. 1981;61:319-327.
Agbede TM. Effect of tillage on soil properties and yam yield on an Alfisol in southwestern Nigeria. Soil and Tillage Research. 2006;86:1-8.
Kebeney SJ, Msanya BM, Ng’etich WK, Semoka JM, Serrem CK. Pedological characterization of some typical soils of Busia County, Western Kenya: Soil morphology, physico-chemical properties, classification and fertility trends. International Journal of Plant and Soil Science. 2014;4(1):29-44.
Hazelton P, Murphy B. Interpreting Soil Test Research: What do all the number mean? 3rd Ed. Clayton South Australia: Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization Publishing; 2016.
Uwah DF, Effa EB, Ekpenyong LE, Akpan IE. Cassava (Manihot Esculenta, Crantz) performance as influenced by nitrogen and potassium fertilizers in Uyo Nigeria. The Journal of Animal and Plant Sciences. 2013;23(2):550-555.
Mengel K, Kirkby EA. Principles of plant nutrition. 5th ed. The Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers; 2001.
Howeler RH, Lutaladio N, Thomson G. Save and Grow: Cassava. A Guide for Sustainable Production and Intensification. Rome Italy: FAO; 2013.
Prasad PVV, Satyanarayana V, Murphy VRK, Boote KJ. Maximizing yields in rice-groundnut cropping sequence through integrated nutrient management. Field Crops Research 2002;75:9-21.
Bayu W, Rethman NFG, Hammes PS, Alemu G. Effects of farmyard manure and inorganic fertilizers on sorghum growth, yield and nitrogen use in a semi-arid area of Ethiopia. Journal of Plant Nutrition. 2006;29(2):391-407.
Satyanarayana V, Prasad PVV, Murthy VRK, Boote KJ. Influence of integrated use of farmyard manure and inorganic fertilizers on yield and yield components of irrigated lowland rice. Journal of Plant Nutrition. 2002;25:2081-2090.
Odedina J, Ojeniyi S, Odedina S. Integrated nutrient management for sustainable cassava production in South Western Nigeria. Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science. 2012;58 (1):132-140.
ICAR-CTCRI. Annual Report 2017-18. Thiruvananthapuram India: Indian Council of Agricultural research, Central Tuber Crops Research Institute; 2018.
Chaisri S, Panitnok K, Sarobol E, Thongpae S, Chaisri P, Ngamprasitthi S, et al. Effects of chicken manure and chemical fertilizer management on yield of cassava grown on Map Bon, coarse-loamy variant soil. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis. 2013; 44(1-4):347-55.
ICAR-CTCRI. Annual report 2018-19. Thiruvananthapuram, India: Indian Council of Agricultural research, Central Tuber Crops Research Institute; 2019.
Eneji AE, Ayade BB, Oko BFD, Yamamoto S, Honna T, Endo T. Influence of forest clearing methods on nutrient uptake of some tropical food crops. Journal of Forest Research. 2001;6:31-35.
Kanto U, Jutamanee K, Osotsapar Y, Ostgaard JS. Effect of swine manure extract on leaf nitrogen concentration, chlorophyll content, total potassium in plant parts and starch content in fresh tuber yield of cassava. Journal of Plant Nutrition. 2012;35:688-703.
Lebot V. Tropical Root and Tuber Crops: Cassava, Sweetpotato, Yams and Aroids. Crop Production Science in Horticulture No. 17. Wallingford United Kingdom. Center for Agriculture and Bioscience International Publishing; 2009.
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