Effect of Drone Application of Pendimethalin on Microbial Population, Nodulation, Weed Control and Yield of Green Gram (Vigna radiata L.)
S. Madhusree
Department of Agronomy, Anbil Dharmalingam Agricultural College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Tiruchirapalli-620 027, India.
T. Ramesh *
Department of Agronomy, Anbil Dharmalingam Agricultural College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Tiruchirapalli-620 027, India.
S. Rathika
Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, Anbil Dharmalingam Agricultural College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Tiruchirapalli-620 027, India.
S. Meena
Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, Anbil Dharmalingam Agricultural College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Tiruchirapalli-620 027, India.
K. Raja
Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Anbil Dharmalingam Agricultural College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Tiruchirapalli-620 027, India.
*Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Abstract
A field experiment was conducted at Anbil Dharmalingam Agricultural College and Research Institute, Tiruchirappalli, during Winter, 2023 to study the effect of pendimethalin application using drone on soil microbial population, nodulation, weed control and yield of green gram. The experiment was laid out in RBD with 12 treatments and 3 replications. The treatments consisted two levels of pendimethalin dosage (0.75 and 1.0 kg ha-1), five levels of spray fluids (40, 50, 60, 70 and 80 litres ha-1) for drone spray compared with manual spray of pendimethalin at 1.0 kg ha-1 with 500 litres ha-1 spray fluid and control. The results revealed that significantly higher microbial population such as bacteria (17.60 × 106 cfu/g of soil), fungi (14.90 × 103 cfu/g of soil), actinomycetes (42.60 × 104 cfu/g of soil) and rhizobium (21.30 × 105 cfu/g of soil) were recorded with no herbicide application (unweeded control) at 30 DAS than pendimethalin 1.0 kg ha-1 application either manual or drone. The lower dose of pendimethalin 0.75 kg ha-1 with spray fluid of 60 litres ha-1 was on par with no herbicide application treatment. Significantly higher root nodules per plant-1 (17.56 and 22.51) at 30 and 45 DAS was registered under drone spray of pendimethalin 0.75 kg ha-1 with spray fluid of 60 litres ha-1. Higher weed control efficiency (72.6 %) and grain yield (747 kg ha-1) were statistically superior under drone spray of pendimethalin 1.0 kg ha-1 with spray fluid of 60 litres ha-1 over 40 or 80 litres ha-1 spray fluids and was comparable with lower dose of pendimethalin (0.75 kg ha-1) with 60 litres ha-1. Thus, it can be inferred that pendimethalin at 0.75 kg ha-1 with spray fluid of 60 litres ha-1 was considered as ideal dose and spray fluid for drone application to get better soil microbial population, nodulation, weed control efficiency and grain yield of green gram.
Keywords: Drone, nodules, microbial population, pendimethalin, dosage, spray fluid
How to Cite
Downloads
References
Rathika S, Udhaya A, Ramesh T, Shanmugapriya P. Weed management strategies in green gram: A review. The Pharma Innovation Journal. 2023;12(3): 5574-5580.
Anonymous. Annual report. Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare: Government of India. 2020-2021.
Kumar N, Hazra KK, Nadarajan N. Efficacy of pre and post-emergence herbicides in rainy season green gram (Vigna radiata). Indian Journal of Agricultural Science. 2017;87(9):1219-1224.
Udhaya, A, Rathika S, Ramesh T, Janaki D, Jagadeesan R. Effect of weed management practices on nutrient removal and productivity of irrigated green gram (Vigna radiata L.). The Pharma Innovation Journal. 2023;12(6):3160-3163.
Ramesh T, Rathika S. Management of emerged weeds in irrigated blackgram (Vigna mungo L.) through post emergence herbicides. Legume Research. 2016;39(2):289-292.
Ramesh T, Rathika S. Weed management in rice fallow black gram through post-emergence herbicides. Madras Agricultural Journal. 2015;102(10-12):313-316.
Ramesh T, Rathika S. Management of Trianthema portulacastrum through herbicides in greengram. Indian Journal of Weed Science. 2020;52(3):286-289.
Dayana K, Ramesh T, Avudaithai S, Sebastian SP, Rathika S. Feasibility of using drone for foliar spraying of nutrients in irrigated green gram (Vigna radiata L.). Ecology, Environment and Conservation. 2022;28:589-594.
Zhang K, Chen J, Wang C, Han L, Shang Z, Wang G, Wang M, Deng X, Zhang Y, Wang X, Li P. Evaluation of herbicides aerially applied from a small unmanned aerial vehicle over wheat field. International Journal of Precision Agricultural Aviation. 2020;3(1):49-53.
Agurob MC, Bano AJ, Paradela I, Clar S, Aleluya ER, Salaan CJ. Autonomous Vision-based Unmanned Aerial Spray System with Variable Flow for Agricultural Application. IAENG International Journal of Computer Science. 2023;50(3): 1-16.
Collings CH, Lyne MP. Microbiological methods, 5th Edition, Butter Worth, London. 1968.
Kenknight G, Muncie JH. Isolation of phytopathogenic actinomycetes. Phytopathology. 1939;29(11):1000-1001.
Martin JP. Use of acid, rose bengal, and streptomycin in the plate method for estimating soil fungi. Soil science. 1950; 69(3):215-232.
Dundung RVA, Agarwal M, Maurya S. Isolation and characterization of Rhizobium species from cultivated and wild leguminous plants. Journal of Emerging Technologies and Innovative Research. 2019;6(6):1519-1530.
Mani VS, Malla ML, Gautam KC. Weed-killing chemicals in potato cultivation. Indian farming. 1973;23(1):17-18.
Gomez KA, Gomez AA. Statistical procedures for agricultural research. John Wiley & Sons.1984.
Kumar R, Meena RS. Effect of Herbicide on Soil Microorganisms of Chickpea. Vigyan Varta. 2022;3(4):106-108.
Abdallah IS, Abdelgawad KF, El-Mogy MM, El-Sawy MB, Mahmoud HA, Fahmy MA. Weed control, growth, nodulation, quality and storability of peas as affected by pre-and postemergence herbicides. Horticulturae. 2021;7(9):307.
Shiv S, Agrawal SB, Verma B, Yadav PS, Singh R, Porwal M, Sisodiya J, Patel R. Weed dynamics and productivity of chickpea as affected by weed management practices. Pollution Research. 2023;42(2):21-24.
Dubey SK, Kumar A, Singh M, Singh AK, Tyagi S, Kumar V. Effect of six herbicides on soil microbial population and yield in direct seeded rice. Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry. 2018;7(4S):83-87.
Kočárek M, Artikov H, Voříšek K, Borůvka L. Pendimethalin degradation in soil and its interaction with soil microorganisms. Soil and water research. 2016;11(4):213-219.
Singh R, Singh G. Effect of pendimethalin and imazethapyr on the development of microorganisms in vitro and at field conditions. Toxicological & Environmental Chemistry. 2020;102(9):439-454.
Sinchana JK, Raj SK. Weed management in pulses: a review. Legume Research-An International Journal. 2023;46(5):533-540.
Jeevan N, Pazhanivelan S, Kumaraperumal R, Ragunath K, Arthanari PM, Sritharan N, Karthikkumar A, Manikandan S. Effect of different herbicide spray volumes on weed control efficiency of a battery-operated Unmanned aerial vehicle sprayer in transplanted rice (Oryza sativa L.). Journal of Applied and Natural Science. 2023;15(3):972-977.
Udhaya A, Rathika S, Ramesh T, Janaki D. Response of green gram under different weed management practices. Ecology, Environment and Conservation. 2021;27(4):1974-1977.
Supriya C, Murali Arthanari P, Kumaraperumal R, Sivamurugan AP. Optimization of spray fluid for herbicide hpplication for drones in irrigated Maize (Zea mays L.). International Journal of Plant & Soil Science. 2021;33(21):137-145.
Oyeleke SB, Oyewole OA, Dagunduro JN. Effect of herbicide (pendimethalin) on soil microbial population. Journal of Food and Agriculture Science. 2011;1(3):40-43.
Udhaya, A, Rathika S, Ramesh T, Janaki D, Jagadeesan R. Physiological parameters and yield of green gram as influenced by weed management practices. International Journal of Plant and Soil Science. 2023;35(16): 100-106.