Impact of Root Systems on Soil Structure and Hydraulic Properties: A Review of Mechanisms and Effects
Sushma
Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, College of Horticulture and Research Station, Saja, Bemetara, Chhattisgarh, India.
Anupama Xalxo
Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur, Chhattisgarh, India.
Shobha Malviya
Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, Rajmata Vijayaraje Scindia Krishi Vishwa Vidyalaya, Gwalior, Madhya Pradesh, India.
Neha Gawde
Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur, Chhattisgarh, India.
Aatish Kumar Sharma
Department of Silviculture and Agroforestry, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Jammu, India.
Rajnish Yadav *
Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, FoA, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, Srinagar India.
Radhakrishnan NA S
Division of Agricultural Engineering, IARI, New Delhi, India.
Samrat Sinha
Centre of Environment Assessment and Climate Change (CEA&CC), G.B. Pant National Institute of Himalayan Environment (GBPNIHE), Kosi, Almora, Uttarakhand, India.
Mohit Kashyap
Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, CSK HPKV, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh, India.
Neelakshi Sharma
Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, CSK HPKV, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh, India.
*Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Abstract
Root systems are fundamental to soil health, influencing its structure and hydraulic properties through complex biophysical and biochemical mechanisms. This review examines the role of root architecture, root exudates, and root-induced mechanical effects in shaping soil porosity, aggregation, and water retention. Fine roots enhance microporosity, improving water retention, while coarse roots contribute to macroporosity and water infiltration. Root exudates serve as natural binders, stabilizing aggregates and fostering microbial activity, which further enhances soil structure. Additionally, root growth and decay create biopores, promoting water infiltration, drainage, and nutrient redistribution. These interactions significantly affect soil hydraulic conductivity, water-holding capacity, and erosion resistance, which are critical for sustainable agriculture and ecosystem resilience. By synthesizing current research, this review highlights strategies for leveraging root traits to optimize soil management practices and mitigate the impacts of environmental challenges such as water scarcity and soil degradation.
Keywords: Soil structure, root systems, hydraulic properties, root exudates