International Journal of Plant & Soil Science

Recent Advances in Protected Farming of Vegetables: A Comprehensive Review

Rimli Gogoi — 2026-06-19

Protected vegetable cultivation is an established approach for producing crops under structures in which the growing environment can be controlled or modified. Open-field vegetable production is frequently constrained by adverse weather, seasonal limitations, biotic stresses, abiotic stresses and inefficient resource use, which can reduce yield, quality and economic returns. This review summarises recent advances in protected farming of vegetables, with emphasis on structural improvements, greenhouse microclimate management, soilless culture and precision technologies. Modern protected structures, ranging from low-cost polyhouses to automated high-cost greenhouses, provide varying levels of protection against rainfall, wind, insects, temperature fluctuations and other production constraints. Microclimate management focuses on regulating temperature, relative humidity, light and CO₂ to support plant physiological processes and crop productivity. Cooling, heating, ventilation, shading, humidification and dehumidification systems are discussed as major tools for maintaining favourable greenhouse conditions. The review also covers hydroponics and aeroponics as soilless cultivation approaches that support nutrient delivery, water management and year-round production where soil-based cultivation is limited. In addition, precision farming technologies, including sensors, Internet of Things platforms, geographic information systems, global positioning systems, variable rate technology, robotics and artificial intelligence, are considered in relation to monitoring, decision-making and targeted input application. Although protected cultivation requires substantial initial investment, technical knowledge and maintenance, it offers scope for improving resource-use efficiency, crop quality and resilience to climate variability. The review highlights the need for integrated, context-specific adoption of protected cultivation technologies for sustainable vegetable production. It also recognises the importance of practical technology integration, policy support and grower capacity building for improving the feasibility of protected vegetable farming.

Importance of Vegetables in Home Food Gardening in Modern Cities: Advances and Future Perspectives

Yugamaya Pegu — 2026-06-15

The practice of home food gardening (HFG) has gained enormous importance in modern cities due to decreasing availability of agricultural land, rapid urbanisation and increased concern for food safety, nutrition and sustainability. The COVID-19 pandemic has revealed the vulnerability of global food supply systems and the value of local food production. The review assesses the importance of vegetables in Home Food Gardening in modern cities. Vegetables are a major part of HFG since they are rapidly produced, easy to maintain, high-yielding in small spaces, and bring high nutritional benefits. Some of the common types of gardening practices seen in modern cities are: yard garden, rooftop garden, balcony garden, community garden and street/plot garden. Newer innovations such as better crop varieties, hydroponics, aquaponics and smarter monitoring systems have raised productivity. But there are still issues like space constraints, expensive setup costs, lack of knowledge, poor soil, and insufficient light. These problems can be addressed through better urban design, affordable technologies, training and sustainable behaviours. Furthermore, HFG helps to improve urban life, healthier diets and environmental sustainability in general.

Harnessing Plant Growth-promoting Rhizobacteria for Sustainable Maize Production and Protection

Anuradha Ojha — 2026-06-20

Maize (Zea mays L.) is a globally important cereal crop, but its productivity is constrained by nutrient deficiencies, soil-borne pathogens and abiotic stresses. Among the major biotic constraints, Fusarium verticillioides causes seed rot, seedling blight, stalk rot and ear rot, resulting in substantial yield and quality losses. Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) have attracted increasing attention as sustainable biological inputs for improving maize growth and plant health. This review examines the role of PGPR in maize production, with emphasis on nutrient acquisition, disease suppression and stress tolerance. In maize rhizosphere systems, PGPR, including Bacillus, Pseudomonas, Azospirillum, Azotobacter and Enterobacter spp., enhance plant growth through biological nitrogen fixation, phosphate solubilisation, siderophore production and phytohormone synthesis. These activities can improve root architecture, nutrient uptake and biomass accumulation. PGPR also suppress important maize pathogens, particularly F. verticillioides, through competition for nutrients and ecological niches, production of antibiotics and hydrolytic enzymes, secretion of inhibitory volatile compounds and induction of systemic resistance. In addition, PGPR-mediated regulation of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate deaminase activity, antioxidant enzymes and biofilm formation can enhance maize tolerance to drought, salinity and other abiotic stresses. Evidence from greenhouse and field studies indicates that PGPR have potential to support maize growth, reduce disease incidence and lessen dependence on chemical fertilisers and pesticides. However, PGPR performance in maize is influenced by bacterial strain, maize genotype, soil properties, environmental conditions and inoculation method. Further maize-specific field validation, stable microbial formulations and integration into locally adapted crop management systems are required for reliable future application in sustainable maize production.

Ethnobotanical Perspectives of Eclipta alba with Special Reference to India: A Critical Review

Mukul Sharma — 2026-06-20

Eclipta alba (L.) Hassk., commonly known as Bhringaraj or false daisy, is a pantropical herb of the family Asteraceae that occupies a position of exceptional prominence in Indian traditional medicine. Embedded within the classical frameworks of Ayurveda, Siddha, and Unani, as well as the living folk traditions of hundreds of tribal and rural communities across the subcontinent, the plant has served generations of practitioners as a versatile therapeutic resource. This critical narrative review synthesises ethnobotanical documentation, phytochemical characterisation, and pharmacological evidence pertaining to E. alba, with particular emphasis on its traditional uses across the diverse ecological and cultural landscapes of India. The plant's bioactive chemistry is dominated by wedelolactone, a coumestan-class polyphenolic lactone, alongside eclalbatin, ecliptine, luteolin, apigenin, and an array of triterpenoid saponins and phytosterols. These constituents underpin a well-documented pharmacological profile encompassing hepatoprotective, hair growth–promoting, anti-inflammatory, anticonvulsant, antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anticancer activities. Ethnobotanical surveys confirm consistent use of the plant for liver ailments, alopecia, skin disorders, venomous bites, and neurological complaints across geographically and culturally distant communities, with considerable convergence between classical textual records and field-documented folk knowledge. The review further considers cross-cultural perspectives from Southeast Asia, Africa, and the Americas, and evaluates emerging concerns regarding habitat pressure, unsustainable harvesting, bioprospecting, and the protection of associated traditional knowledge. Despite encouraging convergences between traditional use and pharmacological findings, critical gaps remain in clinical validation, phytochemical standardisation, and mechanistic elucidation. The review calls for integrated, interdisciplinary research that bridges ethnobotanical knowledge with rigorous biomedical investigation, whilst safeguarding the biocultural heritage this species represents.

Distribution, Characterisation, and Reclamation of Waterlogged Soils: A Review

Barshan Mahapatra — 2026-06-22

Waterlogged soils represent one of the most challenging constraints to global food security and sustainable land management, affecting an estimated 640 million hectares worldwide. This review synthesises current knowledge on the global distribution, paedogenic characterisation, and reclamation strategies of waterlogged soils. It examines geomorphological and climatic drivers of waterlogging across major agroecological zones, analyses soil morphological, physical, chemical, and biological characteristics under prolonged saturation, and critically evaluates established and emerging reclamation technologies. Evidence from over 150 peer-reviewed studies published between 1990 and 2024 was integrated. The findings indicate that waterlogging-induced anaerobic conditions trigger cascading redox reactions, including iron and manganese reduction, denitrification, and methanogenesis, which substantially alter nutrient cycling, soil structure, and microbial communities. Reclamation success depends on accurate diagnosis of the cause of waterlogging, integration of drainage engineering with biological and chemical amendments, and long-term monitoring. Future directions include precision drainage design, climate-adaptive management, and the use of remote sensing for large-scale waterlogging mapping. This review provides a reference for soil scientists, agronomists, and land-use planners managing waterlogged landscapes.

Salicylic Acid-Centred Defence Signalling and Hormonal Crosstalk under Natural Farming Systems: Mechanisms of Disease and Insect Suppression

Chena Panchal — 2026-07-02

Salicylic acid (SA) occupies a central and integrative role in plant immunity, mediating systemic acquired resistance against biotrophic and hemibiotrophic pathogens whilst engaging in extensive crosstalk with jasmonic acid, ethylene, and abscisic acid signalling pathways. Under natural farming systems — encompassing organic cultivation, agroecological management, and related low-input approaches — the chemical milieu and microbial architecture of the rhizosphere undergo substantial restructuring in ways that carry consequential effects on plant hormone physiology and defence capacity. This review critically examines the molecular basis of SA biosynthesis, receptor-mediated signal perception, and systemic immunity, with particular attention to the antagonism between SA and jasmonic acid signalling that fundamentally shapes how plants allocate defensive resources between biotrophic pathogens and insect herbivores. The roles of beneficial rhizosphere microorganisms enriched under natural farming — including plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, and biocontrol agents such as Trichoderma and Bacillus species — in priming SA-mediated and induced systemic resistance pathways are evaluated. The significance of organic soil amendments, including composts and vermicomposts, in modulating endogenous SA concentrations and influencing defence gene expression is also examined. Particular attention is given to the trade-offs inherent in SA–jasmonic acid hormonal antagonism, which may affect resistance to chewing herbivores in agroecosystems. The review concludes that natural farming systems, through their enhancement of rhizosphere microbial diversity and activity, create conditions broadly conducive to plant defence priming, though further field-based molecular studies are needed to translate these insights into durable management strategies.

Grafting in Vegetable Crops for Combating Biotic and Abiotic Stresses and Enhancing Productivity: A Critical Review

Arpita Nag — 2026-07-02

Vegetable production is increasingly constrained by soil-borne pathogens, nematodes, salinity, drought, temperature extremes, waterlogging and heavy-metal contamination, all of which threaten yield stability and produce quality. Grafting, the union of a commercial scion with a stress-tolerant or disease-resistant rootstock, offers a practical approach for strengthening vegetable crop performance without altering the market-preferred shoot genotype. This review critically synthesises the physiological, molecular and agronomic evidence on grafting in major solanaceous and cucurbitaceous vegetables. It examines graft union formation as a coordinated process involving wound signalling, callus proliferation, vascular reconnection and long-distance rootstock–scion communication. The review further evaluates how rootstocks influence ion transport, water relations, hormonal balance, antioxidant responses, nutrient acquisition and rhizosphere microbial assembly under biotic and abiotic stresses. Evidence is assessed for the use of grafting against Fusarium wilts, bacterial wilt, root-knot nematodes, salinity, drought, heat, chilling, waterlogging and cadmium stress, alongside its effects on nutrient-use efficiency, yield stability and fruit quality. The synthesis indicates that grafting is most reliable where clearly defined stress pressure exists, particularly from soil-borne diseases or adverse root-zone conditions. However, responses remain strongly dependent on crop species, production environment and rootstock–scion compatibility. The review therefore emphasises targeted rootstock selection, standardised compatibility screening and multi-stress field validation as priorities for improving the predictability of grafting in sustainable vegetable production.

Phytoremediation of Heavy Metal-Contaminated Environments: A Comprehensive Review of Mechanisms, Plants, and Microbial Application

B. Kavitha — 2026-07-03

Heavy metal contamination in soil and water has increased in association with industrial development, urban expansion, mining activities, municipal waste disposal, and intensive agricultural practices. These contaminants are environmentally persistent because they are non-biodegradable and may accumulate in soil, aquatic systems, plants, and other organisms. Their movement through environmental compartments can affect soil fertility, plant growth, food quality, and ecological safety. Conventional remediation techniques, including chemical extraction, soil washing, and excavation, have been applied to contaminated sites; however, these methods may be costly, technically demanding, and disruptive to the environment. Phytoremediation provides an environmentally compatible and economically feasible alternative that uses plants and associated rhizosphere microorganisms to remove, immobilise, transform, or detoxify pollutants. This review discusses the major mechanisms of phytoremediation, including phytoextraction, phytostabilisation, phytodegradation, phytovolatilisation, and rhizofiltration. It also summarises the roles of hyperaccumulator plants, aquatic and wetland plants, woody species, agricultural crops, and microorganisms in the management of heavy metal-contaminated environments. Plant selection, contaminant characteristics, soil properties, and plant-microbe interactions are important determinants of remediation performance. The review highlights phytoremediation as a sustainable strategy for environmental restoration while recognising the need to improve plant selection, microbial-assisted approaches, and field-level efficiency.

Propagation Techniques and Nursery Management of Cassia fistula: A Review

Komal Khunte — 2026-07-06

Cassia fistula L. (Amaltaas) is a valued ornamental and medicinal tree species, but its large-scale propagation is often limited by physical seed dormancy caused by a hard, impermeable seed coat. This review summarises the available information on propagation techniques and nursery management practices that can support improved germination, seedling vigour and nursery survival. The major seed-based approaches include mechanical scarification, hot-water treatment, acid scarification and plant growth regulator application, particularly gibberellic acid. These treatments are discussed in relation to dormancy release, germination improvement and practical nursery use. The review also considers vegetative propagation through stem cuttings, grafting, air layering and tissue culture, which may be useful when true-to-type multiplication of selected superior plants is required. Nursery management practices, including suitable media, bed preparation, sowing depth, irrigation, weeding, sanitation and integrated pest and disease management, are also important for producing healthy planting material. The literature indicates that no single method is universally applicable, as treatment response may vary with seed source, maturity, storage condition, treatment duration and nursery environment. Standardised nursery protocols are therefore needed to connect dormancy-breaking treatments with seedling quality and field establishment. Therefore, propagation success in Cassia fistula depends on combining appropriate pre-sowing treatments with locally suitable nursery management practices.

Ecological Characteristics and Functions of Histosols: Implications for Sustainable Wetland Management in Côte d’Ivoire

Bakayoko Soumailla — 2026-06-25

This study examined the ecological characteristics and functions of Histosols in a floodplain of Songon Municipality, southern Côte d’Ivoire, to support sustainable wetland management. Morphological and pedological observations were carried out in two contrasting parts of the site: a hydromorphic zone, where a soil pit was described, and a shallow water zone, where an undisturbed soil core was collected using a PVC pipe. A composite sample from the 0–20 cm horizon was prepared from five subsamples collected from the four corners and the centre of the plot and was analysed for selected physicochemical properties. The field description identified hydromorphic conditions and organic horizons associated with water saturation. In the hydromorphic zone, two horizons were observed: a dark A1 horizon from 0 to 20 cm and an underlying Ag horizon from 20 to 40 cm, with the perched water table occurring at about 40 cm. In the shallow water zone, an O horizon from 0 to 15 cm and an H horizon from 15 to 35 cm were described, with visible partially decomposed roots. Laboratory results indicated the absence of mineral fractions in the analysed sample and showed high organic matter and organic carbon contents of 78.25% and 45.39%, respectively. The soil was acidic, with a pH of 4.72, total nitrogen content of 2.18%, a C/N ratio of 20.79 and a low cation exchange capacity of 3.42 cmol kg-1. Iron, potassium, zinc, calcium, aluminium and phosphorus occurred in low quantities. These findings indicate a peat-rich Histosol with important ecological functions, particularly carbon storage and water regulation, but with limited mineral fertility. Sustainable management should therefore consider both conservation requirements and carefully controlled agricultural use.

Effect of Graded Phosphorus Levels on Productivity and Nutrient Dynamics of Wheat

Deepika Rathi — 2026-07-09

A field experiment was conducted during the rabi season of 2023–24 at the Soil Research Farm, Department of Soil Science, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, to evaluate the response of wheat variety WH 1270 to graded phosphorus levels and associated nutrient dynamics. The experiment was laid out in a Randomised Block Design with three replications and a plot size of 6 m × 6 m. Eleven treatments were evaluated: control, 100% recommended dose of fertiliser (RDF), 125% RDF, 150% RDF, 175% RDF, 125% P + NK, 150% P + NK, 175% P + NK, 125% NP + K, 150% NP + K and 175% NP + K. Grain and straw yields were recorded at maturity, and representative grain and straw samples were analysed for phosphorus and potassium contents using standard laboratory procedures. The control treatment recorded the lowest grain yield (34.23 q ha⁻¹) and straw yield (49.81 q ha⁻¹), whereas 175% RDF produced the highest grain yield (51.93 q ha⁻¹) and straw yield (75.80 q ha⁻¹). Phosphorus and potassium contents in grain and straw also increased with higher phosphorus application. The highest phosphorus content in grain (0.51%) and straw (0.22%), and potassium content in grain (0.47%) and straw (1.36%), were recorded under 175% RDF. Treatments receiving higher phosphorus with NK or NP + K improved yield and nutrient content compared with the control, although their performance was generally lower than the corresponding RDF treatment. The results indicate that WH 1270 responded positively to increased and balanced phosphorus fertilisation under the experimental conditions, suggesting the need to reassess phosphorus recommendations for this newly released wheat variety.

Micronutrient Interactions in Wheat: Implications of Boron and Zinc Management in Acidic Soils of Terai Region of West Bengal, India

Srijayee Hazra — 2026-06-15

The soils of the Terai region of West Bengal are generally acidic in nature and deficient in available boron (B) and zinc (Zn) leading to widespread micronutrient constraints in the region. This study investigated the interaction effects of B and Zn on wheat growth, nutrient concentration and uptake in this region. A pot experiment was conducted using a factorial Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with three levels each of B (0, 2 and 2.5 mg kg⁻¹) and Zn (0, 5 and 10 mg kg⁻¹). The experimental soil was acidic (pH 5.70) and deficient in available B and Zn which corroborates the typical micronutrient constraints of the region. Results revealed that B application significantly increased shoot dry matter yield, with maximum yield at 2.5 mg kg⁻¹ B. Zinc application showed a less consistent response, though a higher dose (10 mg kg⁻¹) significantly improved yield. The combined application of B (2.5 mg kg⁻¹) and Zn (10 mg kg⁻¹) produced the highest biomass, indicating a positive interaction effect. B application significantly increased both B and Zn concentrations in plant tissues whereas Zn application reduced B concentration, indicating an antagonistic interaction at higher levels. However, Zn played a protective role by mitigating B toxicity and improving nutrient balance. Nutrient uptake data indicated substantial increases in both B and Zn uptake with combined application, particularly at higher levels. The findings demonstrate that balanced application of B and Zn enhances wheat productivity and nutrient use efficiency in acidic soils. The study highlights the importance of Zn–B stoichiometry in optimizing crop performance and suggests that appropriate micronutrient management strategies are essential for sustainable wheat production and biofortification in micronutrient-deficient regions.

Impact of Sugarcane Residue-based Amendments on Soil Organic Carbon Stock and Yield of Black Gram (Vigna mungo L.) under Natural Farming Protocols

Divyesh Vasava — 2026-06-17

Declining soil organic carbon and increasing reliance on synthetic fertilizers are important constraints to sustainable crop production. The present field experiment was conducted during the kharif season at Surat, Gujarat, India, to evaluate the influence of sugarcane residue-based amendments and natural farming practices on soil properties, nutrient uptake, soil organic carbon stock, and yield of black gram (Vigna mungo L.). The experiment was laid out in a randomized block design with six treatments and three replications. The treatments consisted of control, sugarcane trash mulching, sugarcane bagasse compost, press mud application, natural farming with biochar, and recommended dose of fertilizers. Soil samples were collected before sowing and after harvest for analysis of soil organic carbon, pH, electrical conductivity, available nitrogen, available phosphorus, available potassium, and bulk density. Plant samples were analyzed for nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium uptake at harvest. The results showed that sugarcane residue-based amendments improved soil organic carbon, nutrient availability, bulk density, nutrient uptake, and crop yield compared with the untreated control. Among the treatments, natural farming with biochar recorded the highest soil organic carbon content (0.68%), grain yield (1328 kg ha⁻¹), and biomass yield (3025 kg ha⁻¹). The same treatment also recorded the highest final soil organic carbon stock (13.36 t C ha⁻¹) and carbon accumulation (4.04 t C ha⁻¹). Press mud application also showed improvement in soil organic carbon and carbon stock. The findings indicate that recycling sugarcane residues through organic amendments, particularly when combined with biochar-based natural farming inputs, can improve soil health and support black gram productivity under the tested conditions. However, longer-term evaluation is needed to confirm the persistence of these effects across seasons and soil types.

Influence of Filtered and Unfiltered Solar Radiation on the Growth Pattern and Secondary Metabolite Synthesis in Catharanthus roseus (L.) G. Don - A Preliminary Study

Ganapathy Pandiarajan — 2026-06-17

Catharanthus roseus (L.) G. Don is an important medicinal plant known for the production of biologically active indole alkaloids and other secondary metabolites. This preliminary study evaluated the influence of different solar-radiation regimes on plant growth, epicuticular wax accumulation and vincristine content in C. roseus. Seedlings were grown for 50 days under three light environments: ambient high solar radiation, ambient low solar radiation produced by 40-50% light filtration, and UV-B-filtered solar radiation. Growth responses were assessed using shoot length, leaf area, fresh weight and dry weight, while epicuticular waxes and alkaloids were analysed using spectrophotometric, thin-layer chromatographic and high-performance liquid chromatographic methods. Plants grown under filtered radiation showed improved vegetative growth compared with plants exposed to ambient high solar radiation. In contrast, open daylight conditions were associated with earlier flowering. Total epicuticular wax content was highest under ambient high solar radiation, with values of 345.6 +/- 28 ug/g fresh weight, followed by ambient low solar radiation at 309.6 +/- 42 ug/g fresh weight and UV-B-filtered radiation at 291.6 +/- 32 ug/g fresh weight. Wax-class analysis indicated variation in free fatty acids, primary alcohols, secondary alcohols, aldehydes, beta-diketones, wax monoesters and alkanes among treatments. HPLC analysis detected vincristine in leaf extracts from all three light environments. Vincristine content was 820.4 +/- 18 ug/g leaf dry weight under ambient high solar radiation, 830.4 +/- 32 ug/g leaf dry weight under ambient low solar radiation and 316.2 +/- 27 ug/g leaf dry weight under UV-B-filtered radiation. These findings suggest that light quality and quantity influence growth and secondary metabolite accumulation in C. roseus, with UV-B exclusion reducing vincristine accumulation under the conditions of this study.

Nutrient Concentration and Uptake in Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) as Influenced by Metallic Micronutrient Fertilisation in the Ganges–Yamuna Doab

Dhruvendra Singh Sachan — 2026-06-17

A two-year field experiment was conducted during the 2022–23 and 2023–24 rabi seasons at the Student’s Instructional Farm of Chandra Shekhar Azad University of Agriculture and Technology, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India, to evaluate the influence of metallic micronutrient fertilisation on nutrient concentration and uptake in wheat. The experiment was laid out in a split-plot design with three replications. Two wheat varieties, DBW-222 and HD-2967, were assigned to the main plots, while nutrient management treatments involving soil and foliar application of zinc sulphate, iron sulphate and copper sulphate were assigned to the subplots. The results indicated varietal and nutrient-management effects on nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium concentration and uptake in grain and straw. On a pooled basis, DBW-222 recorded higher nutrient concentration than HD-2967, with 2.33% N, 0.371% P and 0.49% K in grain, and 0.770% N, 0.113% P and 1.189% K in straw. The same variety also recorded greater pooled nutrient uptake in grain, with 143.70 kg N/ha, 22.98 kg P/ha and 30.28 kg K/ha. Among nutrient management practices, soil application of zinc, iron and copper through ZnSO₄·7H₂O at 20 kg/ha, FeSO₄·7H₂O at 12 kg/ha and CuSO₄·5H₂O at 2 kg/ha recorded the highest pooled nutrient uptake. This treatment recorded 147.94 kg N/ha, 28.17 kg P/ha and 35.04 kg K/ha in grain, and 49.85 kg N/ha, 11.28 kg P/ha and 79.13 kg K/ha in straw. The findings suggest that combined soil application of zinc, iron and copper sulphates improved nutrient concentration and uptake in wheat under the studied agro-climatic conditions of the Ganges–Yamuna Doab.

Effects of Soil Fertility Management on the Diversity of Rhizobacteria in Millet Fields in Niger

HAROUNA MAIDOUKIA Abdoul Razack — 2026-06-17

Agriculture in sub-Saharan Africa, and particularly in Niger, is constrained by low productivity, recurrent drought, limited access to fertilisers and environmental degradation, all of which contribute to persistent food insecurity. Rhizobacteria are recognised as important components of the rhizosphere because they can support plant growth and may reduce dependence on chemical fertilisers. However, the response of rhizobacterial communities to farmers’ soil fertility management practices in millet fields remains insufficiently documented. This study analysed the effect of farmers’ soil fertility management practices on rhizosphere microorganisms. The research was conducted from 2015 to 2017 in three villages (Lélédjé, Moli Haoussa and Alambaré) located near Niger’s W National Park. Experimental plots of 16 m² were arranged in scattered blocks and subjected to animal penning, mulching, manure application and control treatments. The plant material was a local millet variety, somno (Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br.). A total of 36 composite soil samples were analysed over the three years. Bacteria were isolated on five culture media, and colony numbers were expressed as colony-forming units per gram of soil. The highest bacterial counts were recorded on PCA and King A and B media, followed by PCA + GNO, whereas lower counts were observed on EMB and GNO media. Bacterial colony density differed among treatments, with animal penning and manure application producing higher densities than mulching and the control. These findings indicate that traditional soil fertility management practices used by farmers can maintain soils that are densely populated with cultivable rhizobacteria. Such practices may contribute to locally accessible strategies for improving soil biological fertility in millet-based farming systems in Niger.

Effect of Fruit Thinning Practices on Fruit Quality of Date Palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) CV. Local

Shailesh K. Chaudhary — 2026-06-18

A field experiment was conducted during 2024 at the Horticultural Research Farm, Department of Horticulture, B. A. College of Agriculture, Anand Agricultural University, Anand, to evaluate the influence of fruit thinning practices on fruit quality of date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) cv. Local. The experiment was laid out in a completely randomized design with three replications. Eleven treatments were assessed, including different levels of strand thinning, strand shortening, fruit thinning within strands, and an unthinned control. Fruit thinning was carried out 28–35 days after pollination at the hababouak stage. Fruits were harvested at maturity, and quality attributes such as total soluble solids, reducing sugar, non-reducing sugar, total sugar, and acidity were recorded. The results showed that thinning treatments influenced the quality parameters of date palm fruits. Among the treatments, thinning 50% strands per bunch recorded the highest total soluble solids (36.17 °Brix), reducing sugar (34.21%), non-reducing sugar (4.54%), and total sugar (38.75%), along with the lowest acidity (0.167%). The control treatment recorded the lowest total soluble solids (30.53 °Brix), reducing sugar (23.98%), non-reducing sugar (3.11%), and total sugar (27.09%), and the highest acidity (0.190%). The findings indicate that fruit thinning, particularly 50% strand thinning per bunch, improved fruit quality attributes under the conditions of the present study. This practice may help enhance the compositional quality of date palm fruits when applied at the pea stage of fruit development.

Nitrogen Management Using Leaf Colour Chart in Sali Rice (Variety: Ranjit Sub-1)

Manashi Chakravarty — 2026-06-20

Efficient nitrogen management is important for improving rice productivity while reducing avoidable nitrogen losses in lowland rice ecosystems. A field trial was conducted during the Kharif season of 2021 in farmers’ fields in Nalbari district, Assam, to evaluate Leaf Colour Chart (LCC)-based nitrogen management in transplanted Sali rice (variety Ranjit Sub-1). The experiment compared two treatments: T1, LCC 4 with integrated nutrient management (INM), comprising Azospirillum and PSB at 4 kg/ha each, rock phosphate at 10 kg/ha and the recommended dose of potassium at 40 kg/ha; and T2, the recommended dose of NPK at 60:20:40 kg/ha. In T1, nitrogen was applied through three split applications of urea based on LCC readings after transplanting, without basal nitrogen application. The LCC 4 with INM treatment improved yield attributes, including plant height, tiller number per hill, panicle length, filled grains per panicle and test weight, compared with the recommended fertiliser dose. Grain yield increased from 4.72 t/ha under T2 to 5.20 t/ha under T1, while straw yield increased from 18.52 to 23.50 t/ha. The LCC-based treatment recorded higher nitrogen use efficiency (47.17 kg grain/kg N fertiliser) and agronomic efficiency of nitrogen (22.17 kg grain/kg N) than the recommended fertiliser dose. It also saved 24.75 kg/ha urea, equivalent to 11.38 kg/ha chemical nitrogen, and increased grain yield by 10.16% over T2. Economic returns were also higher under T1, with a benefit:cost ratio of 2.6 compared with 2.3 under T2. The findings indicate that LCC 4 with INM can support need-based nitrogen application, improve fertiliser efficiency and enhance profitability in transplanted Sali rice under farmers’ field conditions.

Integrated Weed Management for Enhanced Growth and Yield of Grain Amaranth

N. M. Thesiya — 2026-06-20

Weed infestation is a major constraint in grain amaranth because the crop grows slowly during its early stages and remains vulnerable to competition for light, moisture, nutrients and space. A three-year field experiment was conducted during the rabi seasons of 2022-23 to 2024-25 at the Instructional Farm, Department of Agronomy, Navsari Agricultural University, Navsari, to evaluate integrated weed management practices for weed suppression, crop growth, yield and economics of grain amaranth (Amaranthus hypochondriacus L.). The experiment comprised ten treatments arranged in a randomised block design with three replications. Treatments included unweeded control, weed-free maintenance at 20, 40 and 60 days after sowing, interculturing followed by hand weeding, sugarcane trash mulch, stale seedbed-based practices and pre-emergence pendimethalin treatments, either alone or combined with hand weeding. The pooled results indicated substantial variation among treatments for weed density, weed dry weight, weed control efficiency, crop growth, yield attributes, yield and economics. Weed-free maintenance at 20, 40 and 60 days after sowing recorded the lowest weed population (12.22 m⁻²), lowest weed dry weight (3.50 kg ha⁻¹), highest weed control efficiency (98.01%) and zero weed index. The same treatment also recorded the highest plant height (131.43 cm), spike length (63.44 cm), number of spikelets per spike (65.67), grain yield (1614 kg ha⁻¹), stalk yield (4598 kg ha⁻¹), net realisation (₹ 94,492 ha⁻¹) and benefit:cost ratio (2.73). Interculturing followed by hand weeding at 20 and 40 days after sowing performed statistically at par with the weed-free treatment for important growth and yield traits. The findings indicate that timely integration of interculturing and hand weeding can provide effective weed management and improve productivity and profitability of grain amaranth under south Gujarat conditions.

Integrated Nutrient Management through Biofertiliser and Organic Manure Enhances Growth and Yield of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.)

Mohammad Zuber — 2026-06-20

The chickpea crop in Rajasthan is commonly grown under rainfed or limited-irrigation conditions in arid and semi-arid environments. A field experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of integrated nutrient management involving inorganic fertilisers, organic manures and Rhizobium inoculation on the growth and yield of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.). The experiment was laid out in a Randomised Block Design with twelve treatments and three replications during the rabi season of 2025-26 at the Agricultural Research Farm, School of Agricultural Sciences, Career Point University, Kota, Rajasthan, located in the Humid South-Eastern Plain Zone. Treatments comprised combinations of the recommended dose of fertilisers (RDF: 15 kg N and 40 kg P₂O₅ ha⁻¹), farmyard manure (FYM), vermicompost and Rhizobium inoculation. The experimental soil was clay loam in texture and alkaline in reaction, with a pH of 8.2. It was low in organic carbon and available nitrogen, medium in available phosphorus and high in available potassium. Integrated nutrient management significantly influenced the growth parameters, yield attributes and yield of chickpea. Among the treatments, 75% RDF + vermicompost @ 2.5 t ha⁻¹ + Rhizobium (T7) recorded the highest plant height (90.1 cm), dry matter accumulation (35.6 g plant-1) and leaf area index (5.42 at 90 DAS), and was statistically at par with 100% RDF + vermicompost and 100% RDF + FYM. Yield attributes, including branches per plant (7.6), pods per plant (55.8), seeds per pod (2.2) and test weight (14.9 g), were also highest under T7. Accordingly, T7 produced the highest grain yield (2610 kg ha⁻¹), straw yield (3520 kg ha⁻¹) and biological yield (6130 kg ha⁻¹), while harvest index remained non-significant across treatments. The findings indicate that 75% RDF combined with vermicompost @ 2.5 t ha⁻¹ and Rhizobium inoculation improved chickpea growth and yield under the tested conditions.

Enhancing Morpho-Physiological Traits and Quality of Soybean (Glycine max L.) through Organic Manures and Biofertilizers in Gird Region of Madhya Pradesh, India

Swapnil Jeughale — 2026-06-22

A field experiment was conducted during the kharif season of 2025 at the Crop Research Centre, ITM University, Gwalior, Madhya Pradesh, India, to evaluate the effect of organic manures and biofertilizer seed inoculation on the morpho-physiological traits, yield and quality of soybean (Glycine max L.) variety JS-335. The experiment was laid out in a factorial randomized block design with three replications. The treatments comprised three organic manure sources, namely farmyard manure at 5 t ha⁻¹, vermicompost at 2 t ha⁻¹ and poultry manure at 1.5 t ha⁻¹, and three biofertilizer treatments, namely Rhizobium at 30 ml kg⁻¹ seed, phosphate-solubilising bacteria at 30 ml kg⁻¹ seed and potassium-solubilising bacteria at 30 ml kg⁻¹ seed, along with an absolute control. Observations were recorded on plant height, branches per plant, trifoliate leaves per plant, leaf area index, dry matter accumulation, crop growth rate, relative growth rate, grain yield, straw yield, harvest index, protein content and oil content. Among the organic manures, vermicompost at 2 t ha⁻¹ produced the highest plant height, branching, leaf area index and dry matter accumulation, and recorded grain yield of 1732.5 kg ha⁻¹, straw yield of 2857.0 kg ha⁻¹, protein content of 41.59% and oil content of 21.12%. Among the biofertilizers, Rhizobium seed treatment recorded the highest grain yield (1694.0 kg ha⁻¹), straw yield (2790.2 kg ha⁻¹), protein content (41.26%) and oil content (20.67%). The interaction between organic manures and biofertilizers was statistically non-significant. The results indicate that vermicompost application and Rhizobium seed inoculation improved soybean performance under the experimental conditions.

Assessing Prominent Quantitative Traits Significantly Correlated with Fruit Yield Improvement in Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) over Seasons

Hareesh Kumar Maurya — 2026-06-23

Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) is an economically important vegetable crop, and fruit yield is a complex quantitative trait influenced by several interrelated characters. The present investigation was undertaken to assess associations among yield and yield-contributing traits and to identify prominent quantitative characters related to fruit yield improvement in tomato over seasons. The study used 43 genotypes, comprising 10 lines, 3 testers and 30 F₁ hybrids, evaluated in a Randomised Block Design with three replications at the Horticulture Research Farm, Department of Horticulture, School of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, during the Rabi seasons of 2024–25 and 2025–26. Observations were recorded for 16 quantitative traits, and correlation coefficients were estimated using pooled data. At the genotypic level, total fruit yield per plant showed significant positive associations with fruits per plant (0.836**), average fruit weight (0.729**), equatorial diameter (0.495**), locules per fruit (0.455**), pericarp thickness (0.451**), total soluble solids (0.421**), fruits per cluster (0.412**), number of primary branches per plant (0.312**), plant height (0.263**) and polar diameter (0.244**). At the phenotypic level, total fruit yield per plant was positively associated with fruits per plant (0.837**), average fruit weight (0.697**), equatorial diameter (0.421**), total soluble solids (0.360**), pericarp thickness (0.357**), locules per fruit (0.337**), number of primary branches per plant (0.243**), polar diameter (0.184*), fruits per cluster (0.180*) and plant height (0.174*). The comparable pattern of associations at both levels indicates that these traits may serve as useful selection criteria for yield improvement. The negative association of days to 50% flowering with yield also suggests the relevance of early-maturing genotypes in tomato breeding.

Morphological and Physical Characterization of Soils for Cotton Suitability Assessment in the Mankono District (Central-West Côte d’Ivoire)

Niamien Bosson Juste-Cérès — 2026-06-24

Background and Aims: In Côte d’Ivoire, cotton farming plays a vital role in the livelihoods of local communities in the savanna region. However, it faces several challenges, including declining soil fertility caused by land-use pressure and climate variability, which limit yields and farmers’ incomes. Sustainable soil management therefore requires the adoption of resilient agricultural practices. To achieve this, knowledge of soil properties is necessary to align soil use more effectively with crop requirements. In this context, the overall objective of this study was to update morpho-physical data in order to map the agricultural suitability of soils in the Mankono district. The study was intended, first, to provide a key tool for optimising land use and improving seed cotton yields by aligning the requirements of the cotton plant with the current characteristics of the soil. Second, through crop suitability mapping, it informs stakeholders about areas that remain suitable for cotton cultivation.

Place and Duration of Study: The study lasted two months and was conducted in the Mankono square degree in the Central-Western region of Côte d’Ivoire.

Methodology: To achieve the objective of this study, a soil survey combining toposequence and soil landscape methods was conducted, soil samples were collected, and cartographic and statistical analyses were performed.

Results: The results show that the soils in the Mankono district have sandy-clay to sandy-clay-loam textures. The soils are generally gravelly, with fairly variable depths (33 to 120 cm), but are suitable for cotton cultivation. The depth at which internal drainage problems occur is generally favourable (≥ 30 cm). Thus, 96.08% of the soils are suitable for cotton cultivation.

Conclusion: The morphological and pedological characteristics of the soils have been updated. These parameters indicate that the soils in the Mankono district remain suitable for cotton cultivation; however, over the long term, these soils may become susceptible to erosion and crusting. Regarding agricultural suitability, 96.08% of the soils are suitable for cotton cultivation, with a good agricultural suitability rating. Nevertheless, chemical analyses are necessary to optimise fertilisation and improve yields.

Population Dynamics of Vitex doniana Sweet and Vitellaria paradoxa C.F.Gaertn. along a Rainfall Gradient in the Dosso Partial Wildlife Reserve, Niger

Younfa Abdou Mourtala — 2026-06-25

Vegetation cover is one of the most important land-use components within protected areas, which are designated for the conservation and sustainable management of natural resources. As areas of ecological and environmental value, protected areas play an important role in biodiversity conservation by providing habitats for diverse flora and fauna. The Dosso Partial Wildlife Reserve (RPFD) contains biodiversity of considerable socio-economic value, but it is currently threatened by substantial anthropogenic pressure. This study analysed the dendrometric and structural attributes of populations of two important species, Vitex doniana and Vitellaria paradoxa. An inventory was conducted in 200 plots (2,500 m² in agrosystems and 1,000 m² in natural stands). Diameter and height measurements were used to calculate density, basal area and Lorey height. The results showed that the rainfall gradient favoured the Sudanian zone, where V. doniana and V. paradoxa had densities (25.36 and 27.94 trees/ha) and mean diameters (59.26 and 67.51 cm) that were significantly higher than those recorded in the Sahelian zone. However, population structure indicated ageing stands and limited regeneration, suggesting an ecological imbalance associated with anthropogenic pressure. Sustainable management measures, including farmer-managed natural regeneration (FMNR) and stronger protection of young plants, are required to support regeneration. Effective conservation and sustainable management of these species should also promote cost-effective regeneration while encouraging the active and voluntary participation of rural communities.

Optimisation of Propagation Structures and Indole-3-Butyric Acid Concentrations for Large-Scale Clonal Multiplication of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis Culture AccHR1

M. Visalakshi — 2026-06-26

Effective vegetative propagation is essential for rapid multiplication and maintenance of genetic fidelity in ornamental crops such as Hibiscus rosa-sinensis. The success of clonal propagation through stem cuttings is strongly influenced by the propagation environment and the application of rooting hormones. The present investigation was conducted to standardise suitable propagation structures and identify an effective concentration of indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) for improving rooting and establishment of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis culture AccHR1 under protected conditions. The study was carried out during 2022-2023 at the Department of Floriculture and Landscape Architecture, Horticultural College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India. Semi-hardwood cuttings of H. rosa-sinensis culture AccHR1 were treated with IBA at 1000, 2000, 3000 and 4000 ppm and maintained under three propagation structures: mist chamber, shade net and poly tunnel. The experiment was laid out in a factorial randomised block design comprising eighteen treatments with three replications. Significant treatment effects were observed for all measured traits. The earliest sprouting was recorded in cuttings treated with 3000 ppm IBA under mist chamber conditions. However, superior vegetative growth and rooting characteristics were recorded in cuttings treated with 4000 ppm IBA under mist chamber conditions. This treatment combination produced greater plant height, higher leaf production, larger leaf area, improved root traits and better establishment of cuttings. Based on these findings, treatment of semi-hardwood cuttings with 4000 ppm IBA under mist chamber conditions may be recommended as an effective propagation strategy for rapid rooting and large-scale clonal multiplication of H. rosa-sinensis culture AccHR1.

Identification of Heat-Tolerant Rice Genotypes through Phenotypic Selection and Multi-Trait Characterization for Genetic Diversity

S. Ravi Teja — 2026-06-26

Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is highly vulnerable to elevated temperature, particularly during reproductive development, when impaired spikelet fertility and grain filling can substantially reduce yield. This study evaluated heat-stress responses among 49 rice genotypes, including released varieties, advanced breeding lines and tolerant and susceptible checks, during kharif 2021 at the Regional Agricultural Research Station, Maruteru. Genotypes were grown under ambient control conditions and in a polyhouse where heat stress was imposed from panicle initiation to maturity. During the stress period, mean maximum and minimum temperatures were 30.3 °C and 25.4 °C under ambient conditions and 35.3 °C and 27.9 °C inside the polyhouse, respectively. Phenological, morpho-physiological and yield-related traits were assessed to identify genotypes with stable performance under heat stress. Heat stress reduced mean chlorophyll a from 3.20 to 2.75 mg g⁻¹ FW, chlorophyll b from 1.29 to 0.76 mg g⁻¹ FW, cell membrane stability from 55.9% to 47.4%, spikelet fertility from 89.7% to 50.4% and grain yield from 29.4 to 15.9 g plant⁻¹. Considerable genotypic variation was observed across traits. N22 maintained the strongest overall performance under stress, with 81.4% membrane stability, 84.0% spikelet fertility and 21.5 g plant⁻¹ grain yield. Rasi, L 663, L 672, MTU 1239, CL 448 and CL 452 also showed comparatively stable responses, while Vandana, MTU 1166 and MTU 1001 were susceptible. The tolerant group comprised MTU 1223, MTU 1239, L 663, L 672, L 674, CL 448, CL 452, N22 and Rasi. The findings indicate that chlorophyll retention, membrane thermostability, spikelet fertility and grain-yield stability are useful selection criteria for identifying rice genotypes with improved tolerance to reproductive-stage heat stress.

Effect of Value Added Vermiwash on Yield and Economics of Kharif Maize (Zea mays L.)

Radharani Acharya — 2026-06-27

Sustainable nutrient management practices are gaining importance in maize cultivation because of rising fertiliser costs and concerns about soil and environmental health. Enriched vermiwash formulations containing beneficial microorganisms, botanical extracts and micronutrients may improve crop productivity and profitability. A field experiment was conducted at the Instructional Farm of GIET University, Gunupur, Rayagada, Odisha, during kharif 2025 to evaluate the effect of value-added vermiwash formulations on the yield and economics of kharif maize (Zea mays L.) variety DHM-206. The experiment comprised nine treatments arranged in a Randomised Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications. Treatments included plain water spray (T₁, control), plain vermiwash (T₂), vermiwash enriched with neem leaf extract, calotropis leaf extract, Pseudomonas + neem, and their combinations with zinc and boron (0.25% each), along with a Glyricidia leaf extract variant. Foliar sprays were applied at 45, 60 and 75 DAS with a uniform dose of 120:60:60 kg N:P₂O₅: K₂O ha⁻¹. Results showed that T₈ (vermiwash + 5% Pseudomonas + neem leaf extract + Zn + B at 0.25% each) recorded the highest kernel yield (9.10 t ha⁻¹), fresh stalk yield (9.93 t ha⁻¹), gross returns (₹2,27,500 ha⁻¹), net returns (₹1,38,604 ha⁻¹) and benefit-cost ratio (2.37), significantly outperforming the other treatments. Harvest index was inversely related to yield, with the lowest value under T₈ (47.82%) due to proportionally higher total biomass production. The study indicates the economic viability and productivity potential of enriched vermiwash as a sustainable foliar input for kharif maize cultivation in southern Odisha.

Influence of Hydrogel Levels and Integrated Nutrient Management on Soil Fertility Dynamics Nutrient, Uptake and Grain Quality of Rabi Maize (Zea mays L.)

Nitish Gautam — 2026-06-27

A field experiment was conducted during the rabi seasons of 2024–25 and 2025–26 at the Research Farm, Jigyasa University, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India, to evaluate the influence of hydrogel application and nutrient management on nutrient uptake, grain protein content and post-harvest soil fertility in rainfed maize. The experiment was laid out in a factorial randomised block design with three replications. The treatments comprised four hydrogel levels: no hydrogel, 5 kg ha⁻¹, 7.5 kg ha⁻¹ and 10 kg ha⁻¹, combined with four fertility levels: 100% recommended dose of fertiliser, 100% recommended dose of fertiliser + farmyard manure at 5 t ha⁻¹, 75% recommended dose of fertiliser + farmyard manure at 10 t ha⁻¹ and 50% recommended dose of fertiliser + farmyard manure at 15 t ha⁻¹. Hydrogel application significantly improved nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium concentrations and uptake in grain and stover. The highest hydrogel level, 10 kg ha⁻¹, recorded the greatest pooled nitrogen uptake in grain and stover, with corresponding values of 76.91 and 128.35 kg ha⁻¹, respectively. It also recorded higher phosphorus and potassium uptake and improved grain protein content compared with the control. Among fertility treatments, 100% recommended dose of fertiliser generally produced the highest nutrient concentration and uptake, followed closely by 100% recommended dose of fertiliser combined with farmyard manure at 5 t ha⁻¹. Post-harvest soil fertility also improved under hydrogel application, with the 10 kg ha⁻¹ level recording pooled available nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and soil organic carbon values of 221.54 kg ha⁻¹, 34.04 kg ha⁻¹, 249.92 kg ha⁻¹ and 0.597%, respectively. The results indicate that hydrogel application with balanced nutrient management can improve nutrient availability, crop nutrient uptake and soil fertility status in rainfed rabi maize.

Response of Syngonium Species to Plant Growth Regulators on Leaf Characteristics in Vertical Gardening

Palupunuri Vidyasree — 2026-07-02

Vertical gardening is useful for growing ornamental foliage plants under limited space conditions, where leaf morphology is important for quality and visual appeal. Balanced leaf development under restricted space and limited growing media remains challenging. The present study evaluated the effect of growth regulators on leaf characteristics of Syngonium species under vertical gardening conditions. The investigation was conducted at the Floricultural Research Station, ARI, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad, Sri Konda Laxman Telangana Horticultural University, during 2023–2024 and 2024–2025. The experiment was laid out in a factorial randomised block design with three replications. Treatments comprised Cycocel at 500 ppm, Cycocel at 1000 ppm, Benzyl Adenine at 100 ppm and Benzyl Adenine at 200 ppm, with three Syngonium types: Syngonium reticulata, Syngonium podophyllum ‘Neon’ and Syngonium podophyllum ‘Bronze’. Observations were recorded 125 days after planting for leaf length, leaf width, leaf area, dry weight of leaf, specific leaf area, specific leaf weight and leaf thickness. Significant variation was observed among treatments, species and their interactions. Benzyl Adenine at 200 ppm recorded the highest leaf length (16.26 cm), leaf width (8.69 cm), leaf area (132.20 cm²) and dry weight of leaf (0.385 g). Benzyl Adenine at 100 ppm recorded the highest specific leaf area (356.8 cm² g⁻¹), whereas Cycocel at 1000 ppm recorded the highest specific leaf weight (4.41 mg cm⁻²) and leaf thickness (0.88 mm). Among the species, Syngonium reticulata recorded higher values for most leaf characters. The findings indicate that Benzyl Adenine may improve leaf expansion, while Cycocel may support compact foliage development.

Combined Application of Poultry Manure, Gliricidia sepium and NPK Fertilizer on Soil Nutrients Status and Maize Performance in South West, Nigeria

A. A. Adeleye — 2026-07-04

Soil fertility decline caused by continuous cultivation is a major constraint to sustainable maize production in tropical regions. Integrated nutrient management, which combines organic sources such as poultry manure and Gliricidia sepium with inorganic NPK fertiliser, can improve soil nutrient status, enhance soil properties and increase crop yield more effectively than sole applications. A field experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of combined poultry manure, Gliricidia sepium and NPK 15:15:15 on soil nutrient status and maize yield in a 3 by 2 factorial experiment involving 5 t ha⁻¹ poultry manure, 5 t ha⁻¹ Gliricidia sepium leaves and 150 kg ha⁻¹ NPK 15:15:15 arranged in a randomised complete block design. The treatment combinations were replicated three times. Data were collected on maize growth, grain-yield parameters and soil chemical characteristics, and were subjected to analysis of variance using SPSS Version 16.0. The results showed that growth, yield and soil nutrient content were significantly (P < 0.05) influenced by the treatments. The highest growth parameters were obtained with the combined application of poultry manure and Gliricidia sepium, while the combined use of NPK 15:15:15, Gliricidia sepium and poultry manure produced the highest maize grain-yield parameters. The combined use of poultry manure with Gliricidia sepium significantly improved soil nutrient status. Sole NPK 15:15:15 application reduced soil pH compared with the combined use of poultry manure, Gliricidia sepium and NPK 15:15:15. Organic wastes should therefore be integrated with inorganic fertiliser to enhance soil nutrient status and crop yield in the study area.

Differential Responses of Plant Growth Bioregulators on the Quality and Economic Returns of Strawberry Cultivars

Azadpal Singh — 2026-07-06

Strawberry productivity and fruit quality are influenced by cultivar selection and exogenous application of plant growth regulators. The present investigation was conducted during 2023–2024 at the research farm of Mata Gujri College, Sri Fatehgarh Sahib, Punjab, India, to assess the responses of Camarosa and Winter Dawn to gibberellic acid (GA3) and naphthalene acetic acid (NAA). The experiment was laid out in a factorial randomised block design with three replications. Treatments comprised control, GA3 at 50 ppm, GA3 at 100 ppm, NAA at 50 ppm, and NAA at 100 ppm. Observations were recorded for vegetative growth, phenology, fruit size, yield, biochemical quality, and economic returns. The treatment PGR2 (GA3 at 100 ppm) recorded the highest mean plant height (21.40 cm), earliest flowering (56.67 days), number of flowers per plant (19.67), berry length (39.40 mm), berry breadth (24.47 mm), total soluble solids (11.02 °Brix), total sugars (6.16%), reducing sugars (4.04%), number of fruits per plant (18.65), and yield per plant (274.56 g). It also recorded the lowest titratable acidity (0.63%). Among the interaction treatments, Camarosa with GA3 at 100 ppm (V1PGR2) produced the highest gross income (Rs. 2,421,900 ha-1), net return (Rs. 1,982,540 ha-1), and benefit-cost ratio (4.51). The lowest economic return was observed in Winter Dawn under the control treatment. These findings indicate that foliar application of GA3 at 100 ppm, particularly in Camarosa, improved measured quality, yield, and profitability parameters under the experimental conditions of this field study.

Response of Flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) Cultivars to Nitrogen Rates and Foliar Fertilization: B- Impacts on Oil, Fiber Yield, and Soil Fertility

Enga M. Niel — 2026-07-06

Flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) is a dual-purpose crop cultivated for seed oil and fibre, and its productivity depends on cultivar performance and balanced nutrient management. A field experiment was conducted during two winter seasons (2022/2023 and 2023/2024) at Etay El-Baroud Agricultural Research Station, Egypt, using a split-split plot design with three replications. Two flax cultivars (Giza 11 and Giza 12) were assigned to the main plots, two nitrogen rates (75% and 100% of the recommended dose; 37.5 and 50 kg N fed⁻¹) to the sub-plots, and eight foliar fertiliser treatments to the sub-sub-plots: control, Fe, Si, S, Si×S, Si×Fe, S×Fe, and Si×S×Fe. Foliar sprays were applied at 50, 60 and 85 days after sowing. The combined analysis showed that Giza 11 recorded higher seed protein content (16.86%), whereas Giza 12 produced higher oil yield (105.85 kg fed⁻¹) and fibre yield (69.71 kg fed⁻¹). Increasing nitrogen to 100% of the recommended dose improved protein, oil and fibre yields. Among foliar treatments, Si×Fe recorded the highest mean protein yield (102.94 kg fed⁻¹), Fe produced the highest oil percentage (24.41%) and oil yield (119.61 kg fed⁻¹), and Si×S×Fe gave the highest fibre percentage (12.40%) and fibre yield (70.68 kg fed⁻¹). The results indicate that cultivar-specific nutrient management can improve flax yield, quality and post-harvest soil fertility.

Screening of Wheat Varieties under Different Levels of Saline Water Irrigation

Muntha Srikanth — 2026-07-07

Evaluating growth and yield-related parameters, including plant height, number of leaves, biomass, grain yield and straw yield, under controlled saline irrigation allows the identification of cultivars capable of sustaining performance under stress. This approach supports the selection of resilient varieties and contributes to the sustainability of cereal cropping systems in silty clay soils under dryland conditions, ensuring both crop productivity and long-term soil health. The present study aimed to screen wheat varieties under different levels of saline water irrigation. A factorial experiment based on a completely randomised design with five replications was used. The factors studied were salinity stress with four levels: control, 5, 10 and 15 dS m-1, and five wheat cultivars, K-8962, K-8434, K-9644, K-9465 and K-9006, subjected to imposed salinity stress. The study evaluated plant height, number of leaves per plant, number of tillers, leaf area, dry weight, number of ears per plant, straw yield, grains per plant, harvest index and test weight of five wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars under four salinity levels. Increasing salinity stress negatively influenced both morphological and yield parameters. Principal component analysis and hierarchical clustering were used to estimate genotype performance based on morphological and reproductive traits. Better results were observed in K-8434 and K-9006 than in the other cultivars.

Influence of Diversified Cropping Systems on Yield Sustainability and Soil Properties in the Tarai Region of Uttarakhand

Shikha — 2026-07-07

Modern agriculture in the Tarai region faces increasing pressure from declining productivity and deteriorating soil health. A two-year field study was conducted during 2023-24 and 2024-25 at Pantnagar, Uttarakhand, to evaluate the influence of eight diversified cropping systems on Yield Sustainability Index (YSI) and selected soil properties at 0-15 cm and 15-30 cm depths. The soil parameters assessed included pH, electrical conductivity (EC), bulk density (BD), and water holding capacity (WHC). The YSI varied significantly among cropping systems in both years. Sweet corn-broccoli-okra recorded the highest YSI values of 4.32 and 4.59 in 2023-24 and 2024-25, respectively, whereas black gram-gram-Sesbania recorded the lowest value of 1.00 in both years. Soil pH remained statistically unaffected by cropping systems at both depths. At the 0-15 cm depth, EC and BD differed significantly among systems, while differences at 15-30 cm were non-significant. Basmati rice-potato-maize recorded higher EC, whereas rice-wheat-fallow recorded higher BD. Legume- and green manure-based systems, particularly black gram-gram-Sesbania and rice-lentil-cowpea, improved WHC at both depths. The findings indicate that sweet corn-broccoli-okra enhanced yield sustainability, while legume-inclusive systems contributed to improved soil physical properties. Diversified cropping systems may therefore support productivity and soil quality in the Tarai region of the Indo-Gangetic Plains.

Response of Flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) Cultivars to Nitrogen Rates and Foliar Fertilization: Impacts on Seed Yield and its Component

Amira M. Hassen — 2026-07-08

Flax is an important dual-purpose crop cultivated for fiber and seed production, but its productivity depends strongly on cultivar selection and nutrient-management practices. This study evaluated the response of two flax cultivars to nitrogen rates and foliar applications of silicon, sulphur and iron under field conditions. The experiment was conducted during the 2022–2023 and 2023–2024 winter seasons at Etay El-Baroud Agricultural Research Station, Egypt, using a split-split plot design. The main plots included two cultivars, Giza 11 and Giza 12, while nitrogen fertilisation at 75% and 100% of the recommended dose was assigned to sub-plots. Foliar treatments containing Fe-EDTA, potassium silicate and potassium thiosulphate were applied individually and in combinations at 50, 60 and 85 days after sowing. The results showed that capsule number, seed yield, straw yield, technical length and mineral content were influenced by interactions among cultivar, nitrogen rate and foliar treatment. Giza 12 generally showed higher seed productivity, with seed yield ranging from 0.43 to 0.66 Mg fed⁻¹, whereas Giza 11 ranged from 0.43 to 0.57 Mg fed⁻¹. Combined foliar treatments, especially Si × S, Si × Fe and S × Fe, often produced better yield related responses than individual applications. The findings indicate that cultivar-specific integration of nitrogen and foliar nutrient management can improve flax productivity under the tested conditions.

Assessment of Tree Stand Growth Characteristics and Quantitative Status of Selected Forest Plantations in Rivers and Bayelsa States, Nigeria

N. E. Odoya — 2026-07-08

Tree species provide essential ecological, economic, and livelihood benefits, yet plantation forest resources in the Niger Delta remain insufficiently documented for evidence-based management. This study assessed tree stand growth characteristics and the quantitative status of selected forest plantation sites in Rivers and Bayelsa States, Nigeria. A complete enumeration approach was used to measure all trees encountered within the defined plantation boundaries. Diameter at breast height (DBH), total tree height, crown size, basal area, and stem volume were assessed using standard forest mensuration procedures. Species identification was undertaken with support from qualified taxonomists and plantation owners. The results showed marked interspecific and inter-site variation in stand growth characteristics. At IITA, Onne, Lophira lanceolata recorded the highest basal area per hectare, while Pinus caribaea showed the highest stem volume. At FRIN, Onne, Treculia africana had the highest basal area, whereas Lovoa trichilioides recorded the highest stem volume. Irvingia gabonensis was the only domesticated tree species recorded at both Okilogua–Akinima and the Bayelsa State smallholder plantation, but its growth performance differed considerably between the two sites. These findings indicate that plantation productivity in the study area is influenced by species characteristics, site conditions, and management history. The study provides baseline data to support sustainable plantation management and species prioritisation in the Niger Delta.

Genetic Diversity Studies for Yield, and Quality Traits using PCA and Cluster Analysis in Timely Sown Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) Genotypes

Ashvinee Mehta — 2026-07-08

Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) is an important pulse crop that contributes substantially to nutritional security because of its high protein content and adaptability to diverse environments. The present study assessed the extent of genetic diversity among 31 chickpea genotypes evaluated in a randomized block design (RBD) with three replications using morphological, physiological and biochemical traits. Multivariate techniques, including principal component analysis (PCA) and cluster analysis, were used to identify the key traits contributing to genetic divergence. PCA revealed that the first three principal components collectively explained 66.79% of the total phenotypic variation, indicating the effectiveness of dimensionality reduction. Traits related to yield components, phenology and physiological responses, such as days to flowering, number of pods per plant, proline content, malondialdehyde (MDA) and protein content, contributed substantially to genetic variability. Cluster analysis grouped the genotypes into three distinct clusters, reflecting considerable genetic heterogeneity, with greater divergence observed between clusters C1 and C3. Genotypes exhibiting higher proline accumulation coupled with lower MDA levels indicated better physiological efficiency, while wide variation in protein content revealed significant nutritional diversity among the genotypes. Based on overall performance across yield, physiological and quality traits, RKGM 20-2, ICCV 191611 and GNG 1958 were identified as promising genotypes for use in future chickpea breeding programmes. The study demonstrates that the combined use of PCA and cluster analysis is an effective approach for identifying genetically diverse and superior genotypes, thereby providing useful information for selecting parents aimed at improving yield, nutritional quality and adaptability in chickpea.

Assessment of Genetic Divergence in Sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] using Mahalanobis D² Statistics

Netram — 2026-07-08

Genetic divergence among genotypes can be measured using Mahalanobis D² statistics, which are widely used to classify genotypes into clusters based on multivariate traits. The present investigation was carried out during the kharif season of 2023 at the Instructional Research Farm, Rajasthan College of Agriculture, Maharana Pratap University of Agriculture and Technology, Udaipur, Rajasthan, to assess genetic divergence in sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench]. The experimental material comprised 60 sorghum genotypes and three standard checks, which were evaluated in an augmented design. Fourteen quantitative traits, including days to 50 per cent flowering, days to maturity, plant height, yield components, protein content and grain yield per plant, were recorded. Genetic divergence was estimated using Mahalanobis D² statistics, and genotypes were grouped using Tocher’s method. The 63 entries were classified into fourteen clusters, indicating considerable genetic variability among the material studied. Clusters III and IV each contained the highest number of genotypes, while clusters VIII to XIV were monogenotypic, suggesting the presence of distinct genotypes. Inter-cluster distances were generally higher than intra-cluster distances, indicating substantial divergence among clusters. The highest inter-cluster distance was observed between clusters II and IX, followed by clusters IX and XIV, suggesting that genotypes from these clusters may be useful in hybridisation programmes. Cluster mean analysis showed that clusters XIV, V and X had higher grain yield per plant, while cluster VII recorded the highest biological yield per plant. Grain yield per plant contributed the highest proportion to total divergence, followed by plant height, harvest index and biological yield per plant. The results suggest that selecting genetically diverse genotypes with desirable mean performance may help identify promising parents for hybridisation and selection in sorghum breeding.

Unlocking Genetic Variability for Yield Enhancement in Popcorn (Zea mays var. everta)

Momin Sultana Shaik — 2026-07-08

The present investigation assessed genetic variability and estimated key genetic parameters for yield, yield-attributing, and popping quality traits in popcorn (Zea mays var. everta) genotypes. Forty-four popcorn genotypes, comprising 42 hybrids and two checks, were evaluated during the maize Rabi season from November 2025 to April 2026 at the Regional Agricultural Research Station, Lam, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, India. The experiment was laid out in a randomised complete block design with three replications. Data were collected for 13 traits, namely days to 50% anthesis, days to 50% silking, days to maturity, plant height, ear height, ear length, ear girth, number of kernel rows per ear, number of kernels per row, 100-kernel weight, grain yield per plant, popping expansion volume, and popping percentage. Analysis of variance revealed significant genotypic differences for all traits, indicating exploitable variability within the evaluated material. The phenotypic coefficient of variation exceeded the genotypic coefficient of variation for all traits, suggesting environmental influence on trait expression. Popping expansion volume showed the highest phenotypic and genotypic coefficients of variation, with values of 21.96% and 21.55%, respectively, whereas days to 50% silking showed the lowest variability. Broad-sense heritability ranged from 32.17% for days to 50% anthesis to 96.32% for popping expansion volume. Genetic advance as per cent of mean ranged from 1.96% to 43.57%. High heritability coupled with high genetic advance for popping expansion volume and ear girth indicates that these traits may respond effectively to selection in popcorn improvement programmes.

Adsorption and Distribution Pattern of Zinc in Soils Amended with Different Types of Biochars

Asha Patil — 2026-07-09

Greenhouse and laboratory experiments were conducted to study the adsorption and distribution pattern of zinc in soils amended with different types of biochars. Representative red and black soil samples were collected from plot numbers 125 and 162, respectively, at the Main Agricultural Research Station, Raichur. Maize cob rind, pigeonpea stalk and cotton stalk biochars were applied separately to both soils at 10, 15 and 20 t ha-¹. The soil-biochar mixtures were incubated for up to 120 days at near field-capacity moisture and used for experimentation. The results showed that biochar application at different rates increased soil pH, organic carbon, cation exchange capacity (CEC), water-holding capacity and available major and secondary nutrients, while decreasing bulk density in both soil types. The zinc adsorption data fitted the Freundlich adsorption equation better than the Langmuir equation. Freundlich distribution coefficient (KD) values were higher in black soil treatments than in red soil treatments; therefore, the sorption capacity for zinc was comparatively higher in black soil than in red soil amended with different biochars. Among the biochars, zinc adsorption decreased in the order cotton stalk > pigeonpea stalk > maize cob rind, irrespective of soil type. Furthermore, zinc distribution coefficients were strongly correlated with pH, EC, OC, cation exchange capacity and bulk density. Native zinc was preferentially distributed in the order RES-Zn > CAB-Zn > ORG-Zn > EXC-Zn, whereas adsorbed zinc at the higher addition level (200 μM L−¹) showed a marginal shift compared with the original partitioning of native zinc and followed the sequence CAB-Zn > RES-Zn > ORG-Zn > EXC-Zn.